King K W, Balogh J C, Hughes K L, Harmel R D
USDA-ARS, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2007 May 25;36(4):1021-30. doi: 10.2134/jeq2006.0387. Print 2007 Jul-Aug.
Turf, including home lawns, roadsides, golf courses, parks, etc., is often the most intensively managed land use in the urban landscape. Substantial inputs of fertilizers and water to maintain turf systems have led to a perception that turf systems are a major contributor to nonpoint source water pollution. The primary objective of this study was to quantify nutrient (NO(3)-N, NH(4)-N, and PO(4)-P) transport in storm-generated surface runoff from a golf course. Storm event samples were collected for 5 yr (1 Apr. 1998-31 Mar. 2003) from the Morris Williams Municipal Golf Course in Austin, TX. Inflow and outflow samples were collected from a stream that transected the golf course. One hundred fifteen runoff-producing precipitation events were measured. Median NO(3)-N and PO(4)-P concentrations at the outflow location were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than like concentrations measured at the inflow location; however, median outflow NH(4)-N concentration was significantly less than the median inflow concentration. Storm water runoff transported 1.2 kg NO(3)-N ha(-1) yr(-1), 0.23 kg NH(4)-N ha(-1) yr(-1), and 0.51 kg PO(4)-P ha(-1) yr(-1) from the course. These amounts represent approximately 3.3% of applied N and 6.2% of applied P over the contributing area for the same period. NO(3)-N transport in storm water runoff from this course does not pose a substantial environmental risk; however, the median PO(4)-P concentration exiting the course exceeded the USEPA recommendation of 0.1 mg L(-1) for streams not discharging into lakes. The PO(4)-P load measured in this study was comparable to soluble P rates measured from agricultural lands. The findings of this study emphasize the need to balance golf course fertility management with environmental risks, especially with respect to phosphorus.
草坪，包括家庭草坪、路边、高尔夫球场、公园等，通常是城市景观中管理最为密集的土地利用方式。为维持草坪系统而大量投入肥料和水，导致人们认为草坪系统是面源水污染的主要贡献者。本研究的主要目的是量化高尔夫球场暴雨产生的地表径流中养分（硝酸盐氮、铵态氮和磷酸盐磷）的输送情况。1998年4月1日至2003年3月31日的5年间，从德克萨斯州奥斯汀的莫里斯·威廉姆斯市政高尔夫球场采集了暴雨事件样本。从一条横穿高尔夫球场的溪流中采集了流入和流出样本。测量了115次产生径流的降水事件。流出位置的硝酸盐氮和磷酸盐磷浓度中位数显著高于（p < 0.05）流入位置的类似浓度；然而，流出的铵态氮浓度中位数显著低于流入浓度中位数。雨水径流每年从该球场输送1.2千克硝酸盐氮每公顷、0.23千克铵态氮每公顷和0.51千克磷酸盐磷每公顷。这些量分别约占同期施肥区域施氮量的3.3%和施磷量的6.2%。该球场雨水径流中的硝酸盐氮输送不会造成重大环境风险；然而，球场流出的磷酸盐磷浓度中位数超过了美国环境保护局对未排入湖泊溪流的0.1毫克/升的建议值。本研究中测量的磷酸盐磷负荷与农业用地测得的可溶性磷速率相当。本研究结果强调了在高尔夫球场肥力管理与环境风险之间取得平衡的必要性，尤其是在磷方面。
