Pérez-López Faustino R
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zaragoza Faculty of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain.
Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007 Jul;23(7):414-28. doi: 10.1080/09513590701464092.
Iodine is a trace element essential for synthesis of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine. These hormones play a vital role in the early growth and development stages of most organs, especially the brain. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that, after famine, iodine deficiency is the most avoidable cause of cerebral lesions including different degrees of mental retardation and cerebral paralysis. The main function of iodine in vertebrates is to interact with the thyroid hormones. During pregnancy sufficient quantities of iodine are required to prevent the appearance of hypothyroidism, trophoblastic and embryonic or fetal disorders, neonatal and maternal hypothyroidism, and permanent sequelae in infants. Thyroid hormone receptors and iodothyronine deiodinases are present in placenta and central nervous tissue of the fetus. A number of environmental factors influence the epidemiology of thyroid disorders, and even relatively small abnormalities and differences in the level of iodine intake in a population have profound effects on the occurrence of thyroid abnormalities. The prevalence of disorders related to iodine deficit during pregnancy and postpartum has increased. Iodine supplementation is an effective measure in the case of pregnant and lactating women. However, it is not implemented and the problem is still present even in societies with theoretically advanced health systems. During pregnancy and postpartum, the WHO recommends iodine intake be increased to at least 200 microg/day. Side-effects provoked by iodine supplementation are rare during pregnancy at the recommended doses.
碘是合成甲状腺激素三碘甲状腺原氨酸和甲状腺素所必需的微量元素。这些激素在大多数器官，尤其是大脑的早期生长和发育阶段发挥着至关重要的作用。世界卫生组织（WHO）宣称，碘缺乏是继饥荒之后，导致包括不同程度智力迟钝和脑瘫在内的脑部病变的最可避免的原因。碘在脊椎动物中的主要功能是与甲状腺激素相互作用。在孕期，需要充足的碘来预防甲状腺功能减退、滋养层及胚胎或胎儿疾病、新生儿和母体甲状腺功能减退以及婴儿的永久性后遗症。甲状腺激素受体和碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶存在于胎儿的胎盘和中枢神经组织中。许多环境因素影响甲状腺疾病的流行病学，即使人群中碘摄入量的相对较小异常和差异也会对甲状腺异常的发生产生深远影响。孕期和产后与碘缺乏相关疾病的患病率有所上升。对孕妇和哺乳期妇女而言，补充碘是一项有效措施。然而，即使在理论上卫生系统先进的社会，这一措施也未得到实施，问题依然存在。在孕期和产后，世界卫生组织建议碘摄入量至少增加到每日200微克。按推荐剂量补充碘在孕期引发副作用的情况很少见。
