Science. 1980 Aug 22;209(4459):865-76. doi: 10.1126/science.209.4459.865.
High-sensitivity x-ray measurements with the recently launched Einstein Observatory are having a major impact on wide areas of astronomical research. The x-ray luminosity of young O, B, and A stars and late K and M stars is found to be several orders of magnitude greater than predicted by current theories of coronal heating. Detailed x-ray images and spectra of supernova remnants are providing new information on the temperature, composition, and distribution of material ejected in supernova explosions as well as of the material comprising the interstellar medium. Observations of galaxies are yielding insights on the formation and evolution of stellar systems and galaxies over a wide range of variables. X-ray time variations are being used to probe the underlying energy source in quasars and active galactic nuclei. The distribution of mass in clusters of galaxies is being traced through detailed x-ray images, and the data are being used to classify clusters and trace their formation and evolution. Substantial progress is being made in several areas of cosmological research, particularly in the study of the diffuse x-ray background.
高灵敏度 X 射线测量与最近发射的爱因斯坦观测站正在对天文学研究的广泛领域产生重大影响。年轻的 O、B 和 A 恒星以及晚 K 和 M 恒星的 X 射线光度比当前日冕加热理论预测的要大几个数量级。超新星遗迹的详细 X 射线图像和光谱为我们提供了有关在超新星爆炸中抛出的物质的温度、组成和分布以及构成星际介质的物质的新信息。对星系的观测使我们能够深入了解恒星系统和星系在广泛变量范围内的形成和演化。X 射线时变正在被用来探测类星体和活动星系核中的基本能量源。通过详细的 X 射线图像，可以追踪星系团中质量的分布，并且这些数据正在被用于对星系团进行分类，并追踪它们的形成和演化。在几个宇宙学研究领域，特别是在研究弥漫 X 射线背景方面，正在取得实质性进展。
