Stelinski L L, McGhee P, Haas M, Il'ichev A L, Gut L J
Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2007 Aug;100(4):1360-9. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[1360:smspff]2.0.co;2.
Several application parameters of microencapsulated (MEC) sex pheromone formulations were manipulated to determine their impact on efficacy of disruption for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.); oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck); obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); and redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker). Depending on the experiment, the formulations evaluated were those formerly manufactured by 3M Canada (London, ON, Canada) or those that are currently available from Suterra LLC (Bend, OR). The efficacy of MEC formulations applied by air-blast sprayer evenly throughout the entire canopy of 2-3-m-tall apple (Malus spp.) trees was equivalent to treatments in which targeted applications of MECs were made to the lower or upper 1.5 m of the canopy (at equivalent overall rates) for oriental fruit moth and both leafroller species. The realized distribution of deposited microcapsules within the tree canopy corresponded well with the intended heights of application within the canopy. The additional coapplication of the pine resin sticker Nu-Film 17 increased efficacy but not longevity of MEC formulations for oriental fruit moth; this adjuvant had no added effects for codling moth or leafroller formulations. Increasing the rate of active ingredient (AI) per hectare by 20-30-fold (range 2.5-75.0 g/ha) did not improve the disruption efficacy of MECs for codling moth or either leafroller species when both low and high rates were applied at equivalent frequencies per season. A low-rate, high-frequency (nine applications per season) application protocol was compared with a standard protocol in which two to three applications were made per season, once before each moth generation for each species. The low-rate, high-frequency protocol resulted in equivalent or better disruption efficacy for each moth species, despite using two-fold less total AI per hectare per season with the former treatment. The low-rate, frequent-application protocol should make the use of MEC formulations of synthetic pheromone more economical and perhaps more effective.
对微胶囊化（MEC）性信息素制剂的几个应用参数进行了操控，以确定它们对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella（L.）、梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta（Busck）、苹果斜带卷叶蛾Choristoneura rosaceana（Harris）和苹果红带卷叶蛾Argyrotaenia velutinana（Walker）干扰效果的影响。根据实验情况，所评估的制剂要么是加拿大3M公司（安大略省伦敦市，加拿大）以前生产的，要么是目前Suterra有限责任公司（俄勒冈州本德市）提供的。通过鼓风喷雾器将MEC制剂均匀地施用于2至3米高的苹果（Malus spp.）树的整个树冠，其效果等同于针对梨小食心虫和两种卷叶蛾，以相同的总施用量将MEC靶向施用于树冠下部或上部1.5米的处理。树冠内沉积的微胶囊的实际分布与树冠内预期的施用高度非常吻合。额外共同施用松脂粘着剂Nu-Film 17可提高MEC制剂对梨小食心虫的干扰效果，但不会延长其有效期；这种助剂对苹果蠹蛾或卷叶蛾制剂没有额外影响。当低剂量和高剂量制剂以相同的季节施用频率施用时，每公顷活性成分（AI）含量增加20至30倍（范围为2.5至75.0克/公顷）并不会提高MEC对苹果蠹蛾或任何一种卷叶蛾的干扰效果。将低剂量、高频（每季节九次施用）施用方案与标准方案进行比较，标准方案是每季节施用两至三次，每种害虫的每一代之前各施用一次。低剂量、高频方案对每种害虫产生了相同或更好的干扰效果，尽管前一种处理每公顷每季节使用的AI总量减少了一半。低剂量、频繁施用方案应会使合成信息素的MEC制剂的使用更加经济，或许也更有效。
