Mechanism and kinetics of the thermal activation of glucocorticoid hormone receptor complex.

Steroid-receptor complexes formed at low temperature and ionic strength do not bind to nuclei or chromatin. After a temporary exposure to high temperature, or ionic strength, or both, a fraction of them becomes activated (able to bind to nuclei). An assay of the activated form of the complex based upon titration with nuclei in excess was established. This assay was used to perform kinetic and equilibrium studies of the thermal activation of glucocorticoid-receptor complex in order to elucidate its mechanism. It was found that the reaction is of apparent first order and yields a monomolecular product. It thus probably consists of a conformational change in the steroid-receptor complex. The rate of activation is 1.37 +/- 0.06 X 10(-3) S-1 at 25 degrees. The free energy of thermodynamic activation (The word activation is used here in its usual thermodynamic meaning and not in the sense of receptor modification) of this reaction is greater than G = 21.3 Kcal. The corresponding enthalpy and entropy are respectively greater than H = 31.4 kcal and greater than S = 4 cal/degree. These positive and high values of greater than H and greater than S are very similar to those described for denaturation reactions of proteins suggesting that breakage of some noncovalent bonds could take place during activation. The reaction proceeds until approximately 60% of the complexes are activated. It was shown that this corresponds to an equilibrium between activated and nonactivated forms and not to the presence of a population of complexes unable to undergo activation. This equilibrium is not modified by temperature variations between 10 degrees and 30 degrees. It is possible to activate over 80% of the complexes when the activation is performed in the presence of excess acceptor, thus shifting the equilibrium. A similar situation is probably observed in situ in cells since 90% of the complexes are found in the nuclei when liver slices are incubated with hormone.