Effects of contact geometry on pull-off force measurements with a colloidal probe.

This paper examines the effects of contact geometry on the pull-off (adhesion) force between a glass sphere (colloidal probe) and a silicon wafer in an environment with controlled relative humidity. An atomic force microscope is used to measure the pull-off force between the colloidal probe and the sample mounted at different tilt angles. The results show that the measured pull-off force is very sensitive to the tilt angle. Through the use of a newly developed direct scanning method, the exact contact geometry is determined for the zero-tilt angle case. The obtained digital image is then rotated to determine the contact geometry for the cases with other tilt angles. A detailed examination of the contact geometry, along with a magnitude analysis of the capillary force, suggests that the adhesion is most likely dominated by the capillary force from the meniscus formed between the probe and the sample. The strong dependence of the adhesion on the tilt angle may result from the change of meniscus dimensions associated with the probe-sample separation, which in turn is controlled by the highest peak on the probe sphere. Our observation emphasizes the combined role of microsurface shape near the contact and nanoroughness within the contact in determining the colloidal probe pull-off force and also microadhesion force in general.