Calcium oscillations and morphological transformations in single cultured gastric parietal cells.

Calcium is an important regulator of cellular activities including HCl secretion by parietal cells. With cholinergic agonists, a role for calcium is established; however, with histamine, at least two signaling pathways may be involved including calcium and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). Because chelation of medium and/or cellular calcium has pronounced inhibitory effects on cholinergic but lesser effects on histamine-stimulated acid secretory responses in cell populations, the calcium pathway may not be of central importance for HCl secretion regulated by histamine. We have used digitized video imaging of fura-2 fluorescence ratios and cellular morphology to determine more precisely the relationship between cellular calcium signaling mechanisms and acid secretion in single cultured rabbit parietal cells. Calcium signaling patterns were found to exhibit striking differences with histamine as compared with the cholinergic agonist carbachol. Maximal doses of histamine initiated repetitive oscillations in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in approximately 50% of cells, whereas the maximal carbachol response was characterized by a typical initial spike followed by a sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i. Oscillations in response to carbachol were detected only at doses below the half-maximal concentration for initiation of acid secretion. Correlation of gradual expansion of acidic vacuoles with increases in [Ca2+]i in the same cells indicated that approximately 20% of cells increased acid secretory-related activities in response to histamine with no detectable rise in [Ca2+]i. These data suggest two possibilities: 1) a rise in [Ca2+]i is not necessary for histamine-stimulated HCl secretion, or 2) heterogeneous receptor-coupling mechanisms exist in parietal cell populations with either calcium or cAMP mechanisms predominating in different subpopulations. The ability to assess simultaneously acid secretory-related responses and calcium signaling patterns allows, for the first time, correlation of "physiological" and biochemical responses in single parietal cells. This methodology is expected to provide new insight into second messenger control mechanisms that are not possible either in cell populations or acutely isolated parietal cells that do not exhibit morphological transformations detectable at the light microscope level.