Shearer Jason, Soh Pamela, Lentz Stefanie
Department of Chemistry/216, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno, NV 89503-0216, USA.
J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Dec;102(12):2103-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.07.016. Epub 2008 Aug 6.
The prion protein is a ubiquitous neuronal membrane protein. Misfolding of the prion protein has been implicated in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases). It has been demonstrated that the human prion protein (PrP) is capable of coordinating at least five Cu(II) ions under physiological conditions; four copper binding sites can be found in the octarepeat domain between residues 61 and 91, while another copper binding site can be found in the unstructured "amyloidogenic" domain between residues 91 and 126 PrP(91-126). Herein we expand upon a previous study [J. Shearer, P. Soh, Inorg. Chem. 46 (2007) 710-719] where we demonstrated that the physiologically relevant high affinity Cu(II) coordination site within PrP(91-126) is found between residues 106 and 114. It was shown that Cu(II) is contained within a square planar (N/O)3S coordination environment with one His imidazole ligand (H(111)) and one Met thioether ligand (either M(109) or M(112)). The identity of the Met thioether ligand was not identified in that study. In this study we perform a detailed investigation of the Cu(II) coordination environment within the PrP fragment containing residues 106-114 (PrP(106-114)) involving optical, X-ray absorption, EPR, and fluorescence spectroscopies in conjunction with electronic structure calculations. By using derivatives of PrP(106-114) with systematic Met-->Ile "mutations" we show that the CuII coordination environment within PrP(106-114) is actually comprised of a mixture of two major species; one Cu(II)(N/O)3S center with the M(109) thioether coordinated to CuII and another CuII(N/O)3S center with the M(112) thioether coordinated to CuII. Furthermore, deletion of one or more Met residues from the primary sequence of PrP(106-114) both reduces the CuII affinity of the peptide by two to seven fold, and renders the resulting CuII metallopeptides redox inactive. The biological implications of these findings are discussed.
朊病毒蛋白是一种普遍存在的神经元膜蛋白。朊病毒蛋白的错误折叠与传染性海绵状脑病(朊病毒病)有关。已经证明,人朊病毒蛋白(PrP)在生理条件下能够配位至少五个Cu(II)离子;在61至91位残基之间的八肽重复结构域中可以找到四个铜结合位点,而在91至126位残基PrP(91 - 126)之间的无结构“淀粉样蛋白生成”结构域中可以找到另一个铜结合位点。在此,我们扩展了之前的一项研究[J. Shearer, P. Soh, Inorg. Chem. 46 (2007) 710 - 719],在该研究中我们证明了PrP(91 - 126)内生理相关的高亲和力Cu(II)配位位点位于106至114位残基之间。结果表明,Cu(II)包含在一个平面正方形(N/O)3S配位环境中,有一个组氨酸咪唑配体(H(111))和一个甲硫氨酸硫醚配体(要么是M(109)要么是M(112))。在该研究中未确定甲硫氨酸硫醚配体的具体身份。在本研究中,我们对包含106 - 114位残基的PrP片段(PrP(106 - 114))内的Cu(II)配位环境进行了详细研究,涉及光学、X射线吸收、电子顺磁共振和荧光光谱学,并结合电子结构计算。通过使用PrP(106 - 114)的具有系统性甲硫氨酸到异亮氨酸“突变”的衍生物,我们表明PrP(106 - 114)内的CuII配位环境实际上由两种主要物种的混合物组成;一个Cu(II)(N/O)3S中心,其中M(109)硫醚与CuII配位,另一个CuII(N/O)3S中心,其中M(112)硫醚与CuII配位。此外,从PrP(106 - 114)的一级序列中缺失一个或多个甲硫氨酸残基,既会使该肽对CuII的亲和力降低两到七倍,又会使所得的CuII金属肽失去氧化还原活性。讨论了这些发现的生物学意义。