Reproduction in the European mink, Mustela lutreola: oestrous cyclicity and early pregnancy.

Despite efforts undertaken to conserve the endangered European mink, its reproduction is still poorly studied. The aim was to study its reproductive cyclicity, faecal progesterone concentration and ovarian changes during early pregnancy, with the emphasis on the pre-implantation period and implantation. During the 2004 breeding season, oestrous cycle was monitored in 39 females as well as ovarian changes during early pregnancy in 22 females. During the 2007 breeding season, faecal progesterone concentration measured by radioimmunoassay was monitored during pregnancy in 10 females throughout their pregnancy. The breeding season 2004 started on March 18 and ended on May 10, with the peak recorded in April. The duration of first oestrus was 1-12 days. If not mated, the vast majority of females entered second oestrus after 12-55 days. In general, relatively low faecal progesterone values were detected in European mink; an average of 42.69 +/- 4.70 ng/g faeces in oestrous females with a maximum of 176.44 +/- 23.01 ng/g faeces on pregnancy day 12. anova indicated a significant effect of the pregnancy stage. Post hoc comparisons with Fisher least significant difference (LSD) test revealed that faecal progesterone concentrations on days 8 and 12 post coitum (p.c.), but not at the end of pregnancy (day 40), were higher when compared with the initial oestrous level. Implantation in this species occurs on day 12 p.c. and was indicated by prominent uterine swellings and failure to flush the uterine horns beyond this day. Advanced luteogenesis was observed with prominent corpora lutea found in ovaries around the time of implantation. To conclude, European mink is a seasonally polyoestrous species; the early pregnancy of European mink resembles that of European polecat, i.e. in both species, implantation occurs on day 12 p.c. without any implantation delay.