Reiman M, Clay D E, Carlson C G, Clay S A, Reicks G, Clay D W, Humburg D E
Monsanto, Co., Waterville, Kansas, USA.
J Environ Sci Health B. 2009 Jan;44(1):76-85. doi: 10.1080/03601230802519801.
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of manure placement depth on crop yield and N retention in soil. Experimental treatments were deep manure injection (45 cm), shallow manure injection (15 cm), and conventional fertilizer-based management with at least three replications per site. Water infiltration, and changes in soil N and P amounts were measured for up to 30 months and crop yield monitored for three seasons following initial treatment. Deep and shallow manure injections differed in soil inorganic N distributions. For example, in the manure slot the spring following application, NO(3)-N in the surface 60 cm was higher (p < .01) when injected 15 cm (21.4 micro g/g) into the soil than 45 cm (11.7 micro g/g), whereas NH(4)-N had opposite results with shallow injection having less (p = 0.045) NH(4)-N (102 micro g/g) than deep (133 micro g/g) injection. In the fall one year after the manure was applied, NO(3)-N and NH(4)-N were lower (p = 0.001) in the shallow injection than the deep injection. The net impact of manure placement on total N was that deep injection had 31, 59, and 44 more kg N ha(- 1) than the shallow injection treatment 12, 18, and 30 months after application, respectively. Deep manure injection did not impact soybean (Glycine max L.) yield, however corn (Zea mays L.) yield increased if N was limiting. The higher corn yield in the deep injected treatment was attributed to increased N use efficiency. Higher inorganic N amounts in the deep injection treatment were attributed to reduced N losses through ammonia volatilization, leaching, or denitrification. Results suggest that deep manure placement in glacial till soil may be considered a technique to increase energy, N use efficiency, and maintain surface and ground water quality. However, this technique may not work in glacial outwash soils due to the inability to inject into a rocky subsurface.
本研究的目的是确定粪肥施入深度对作物产量和土壤氮素保持的影响。试验处理包括深施粪肥（45厘米）、浅施粪肥（15厘米）以及基于传统化肥的管理方式，每个地点至少重复三次。在初始处理后的30个月内测量了水分入渗以及土壤氮磷含量的变化，并在三个季节监测了作物产量。深施和浅施粪肥在土壤无机氮分布上存在差异。例如，在施肥后的春季，在粪肥条带中，将粪肥注入土壤15厘米（21.4微克/克）时，表层60厘米的硝态氮含量高于注入45厘米（11.7微克/克）时（p <.01），而铵态氮的结果则相反，浅施的铵态氮含量（102微克/克）低于深施（133微克/克）（p = 0.045）。在施肥一年后的秋季，浅施处理中的硝态氮和铵态氮含量低于深施处理（p = 0.001）。粪肥施入深度对总氮的净影响是，在施肥后12、18和30个月，深施分别比浅施处理多31、59和44千克氮/公顷。深施粪肥对大豆（Glycine max L.）产量没有影响，然而，如果氮素有限，玉米（Zea mays L.）产量会增加。深施处理中玉米产量较高归因于氮素利用效率提高。深施处理中较高的无机氮含量归因于通过氨挥发、淋溶或反硝化作用导致的氮素损失减少。结果表明，在冰碛土中深施粪肥可被视为一种提高能源、氮素利用效率并保持地表水和地下水质量的技术。然而，由于无法注入多石的地下层，该技术在冰水沉积土中可能不适用。
