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在被猎杀的棕熊中,自然及多种人为死亡原因的规模和选择性。

The magnitude and selectivity of natural and multiple anthropogenic mortality causes in hunted brown bears.

作者信息

Bischof Richard, Swenson Jon E, Yoccoz Nigel G, Mysterud Atle, Gimenez Olivier

机构信息

Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, As NO-1432, Norway.

出版信息

J Anim Ecol. 2009 May;78(3):656-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01524.x.

Abstract
  1. The population dynamic and evolutionary effects of harvesting are receiving growing attention among biologists. Cause-specific estimates of mortality are necessary to determine and compare the magnitude and selectivity of hunting and other types of mortalities. In addition to the logistic and financial constraints on longitudinal studies, they are complicated by the fact that nonhunting mortality in managed populations usually consists of a mix of natural and human-caused factors. 2. We used multistate capture-recapture (MCR) models to estimate cause-specific survival of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in two subpopulations in Sweden over a 23-year period. In our analysis, we distinguished between legal hunting and other sources of mortality, such as intraspecific predation, accidents, poaching, and damage control removals. We also tested whether a strong increase in harvest quotas after 1997 in one of the subpopulations affected vulnerability to legal hunting. 3. Although only a fraction of mortalities other than legal hunting could be considered natural, this group of causes showed a general pattern of demographic selectivity expected from natural mortality regimes in populations of long-lived species, namely greater vulnerability of young animals. On the other hand, demographic effects on hunting vulnerability were weak and inconsistent. Our findings support the assumption that hunting and other mortalities were additive. 4. As expected, an increase in hunting pressure coincided with a correspondingly large increase in vulnerability to hunting in the affected subpopulation. Because even unbiased harvest can lead to selective pressures on life-history traits, such as size at primiparity, increasing harvest quotas may not only affect population growth directly, but could also alter optimal life-history strategies in brown bears and other carnivores. 5. Legal hunting is the most conveniently assessed and the most easily managed cause of mortality in many wild populations of large mammals. Although legal hunting is the single-most important cause of mortality for brown bears in Sweden, the combined mortality from other causes is of considerable magnitude and additionally shows greater selectivity in terms of sex and age than legal hunting. Therefore, its role in population dynamics and evolution should not be underestimated.
摘要
  1. 捕猎的种群动态和进化影响正日益受到生物学家的关注。确定和比较狩猎及其他死亡类型的死亡率大小和选择性,需要对特定死因的死亡率进行估计。除了纵向研究面临的逻辑和资金限制外,管理种群中的非狩猎死亡率通常由自然和人为因素混合构成,这也使情况变得复杂。2. 我们使用多状态捕获再捕获(MCR)模型,对瑞典两个亚种群的棕熊( Ursus arctos)在23年期间特定死因的存活率进行了估计。在分析中,我们区分了合法狩猎和其他死亡来源,如种内捕食、事故、偷猎以及出于损害控制目的的捕杀。我们还测试了1997年后其中一个亚种群的狩猎配额大幅增加是否影响了对合法狩猎的易感性。3. 虽然除合法狩猎外,只有一小部分死亡可被视为自然死亡,但这组死因呈现出长寿物种种群自然死亡模式所预期的一般人口统计学选择性模式,即幼龄动物的易感性更高。另一方面,人口统计学对狩猎易感性的影响微弱且不一致。我们的研究结果支持了狩猎和其他死亡因素具有累加性的假设。4. 正如预期的那样,狩猎压力增加与受影响亚种群对狩猎的易感性相应大幅增加同时出现。由于即使是无偏差的捕猎也会对生活史特征(如首次产仔时的体型)产生选择压力,增加狩猎配额不仅可能直接影响种群增长,还可能改变棕熊和其他食肉动物的最优生活史策略。5. 在许多大型哺乳动物的野生种群中,合法狩猎是最便于评估且最易于管理的死亡原因。虽然合法狩猎是瑞典棕熊单一最重要的死亡原因,但其他原因导致的综合死亡率相当可观,并且在性别和年龄方面比合法狩猎表现出更大的选择性。因此,其在种群动态和进化中的作用不应被低估。

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