Beers Elizabeth H, Martinez-Rocha Luis, Talley Randy R, Dunley John E
Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2009 Feb;102(1):324-35. doi: 10.1603/029.102.0143.
The effects of three sulfur products (calcium polysulfide [= lime sulfur], dry flowable sulfur, and ammonium thiosulfate, a plant nutrient), were tested in bioassays against a predatory mite, Galandromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), and two species of tetranychid (pest) mites, twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)]. Calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate were acutely toxic on contact to adult females of all three mite species, causing 58-100% mortality in 48 h. Dry flowable sulfur, in contrast, was nontoxic to adults of all three species. Fresh residues of the sulfur products were essentially nontoxic to females of G. occidentalis and T. urticae. Galandromus occidentalis consumed 8.2 and 4.0x fewer prey contaminated with residues of calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate; dry flowable sulfur had no effect on prey consumption. Higher posttreatment temperatures (32 versus 18 degrees C) did not affect the toxicity of dry flowable sulfur to G. occidentalis and T. urticae. The toxic effect of the sulfur products was not related to the concentration of elemental S but rather to some intrinsic characteristic of the compound itself. There were substantial differences in the responses of different stages of G. occidentalis. Residues that were nontoxic to adult females were highly toxic to hatching larvae, including those of dry flowable sulfur. In addition, all three products were highly repellent to adult female G. occidentalis. The lethal effect of calcium polysulfide on larvae was still present when the laboratory-aged residues on bean leaves were 8-9 d old. Field-aged residues on apple (Malus spp.) leaves were highly toxic (89% mortality) after 7 d, but mortality declined to 50 and 17% after 14 and 22 d, respectively. The increasing use of sulfur-containing products is detrimental to predatory mites and may play a role in the diminishing effectiveness of integrated mite control in Washington apple orchards.
在生物测定中，测试了三种含硫产品（多硫化钙[=石硫合剂]、干流动硫和作为植物养分的硫代硫酸铵）对一种捕食螨西方加兰螨（Galandromus occidentalis，Nesbitt）以及两种叶螨科（害虫）螨类，即二斑叶螨（Tetranychus urticae Koch）和苹果全爪螨[Panonychus ulmi（Koch）]的影响。多硫化钙和硫代硫酸铵对所有三种螨类的成年雌螨具有急性接触毒性，在48小时内导致58 - 100%的死亡率。相比之下，干流动硫对所有三种螨类的成年螨无毒。含硫产品的新鲜残留物对西方加兰螨和二斑叶螨的雌螨基本无毒。西方加兰螨捕食被多硫化钙和硫代硫酸铵残留物污染的猎物数量分别减少了8.2倍和4.0倍；干流动硫对猎物消耗没有影响。较高的处理后温度（32摄氏度与18摄氏度）对干流动硫对西方加兰螨和二斑叶螨的毒性没有影响。含硫产品的毒性效应与元素硫的浓度无关，而是与化合物本身的某些内在特性有关。西方加兰螨不同发育阶段的反应存在显著差异。对成年雌螨无毒的残留物对孵化幼虫具有高毒性，包括干流动硫的残留物。此外，所有三种产品对成年雌西方加兰螨都具有高度驱避性。当豆叶上实验室放置8 - 9天的多硫化钙残留物对幼虫仍具有致死作用。苹果（Malus spp.）叶上田间放置的残留物在7天后具有高毒性（89%死亡率），但在14天和22天后死亡率分别降至50%和17%。含硫产品使用的增加对捕食螨有害，可能在华盛顿苹果园螨类综合防治效果下降中起作用。
