Microcanonical quasistationarity of long-range interacting systems in contact with a heat bath.

On the basis of analytical results and molecular dynamics simulations, we clarify the nonequilibrium dynamics of a long-range interacting system in contact with a heat bath. For small couplings with the bath, we show that the system can first be trapped in a Vlasov quasistationary state, then a microcanonical one follows, and finally canonical equilibrium is reached at the bath temperature. We demonstrate that, even out of equilibrium, Hamiltonian reservoirs microscopically coupled with the system and Langevin thermostats provide equivalent descriptions. Our identification of the key parameters determining the quasistationary lifetimes could be exploited to control experimental systems such as the free-electron laser, in the presence of external noise or inherent imperfections.