Consistent numerical evaluation of the anchoring energy of a grooved surface.

We evaluate the azimuthal anchoring energy of a grooved surface by calculating numerically the Frank elastic energy of a nematic cell composed of the grooved surface and a flat one with rigid azimuthal anchoring, where the director is fixed along the phi direction. We pay attention to the surface anchoring induced by elastic distortions of the director due to its contact with a nonflat surface, which impose local planar degenerate anchoring. Surface anchoring of this kind was analyzed analytically for shallow grooves by Berreman [Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 1683 (1972)] and critically reexamined by the present authors [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 187803; 99, 139902(E) (2007)]. We consider two types of surface. one is a surface with one-dimensional sinusoidal parallel grooves, and the other is a surface with two-dimensional square patterns whose surface height is given by a sum of two sinusoidal functions with orthogonal wave vectors. The total energy is the sum of the anchoring energy and the twist energy in the bulk. For the calculation of the twist energy to be eliminated and the evaluation of the azimuthal-angle dependence of the anchoring energy, the "average" azimuthal angle at the bottom, phi(0), must be determined. We adopt two methods to determine phi(0). One is a simple extrapolation of the twist deformation in the bulk. The other relates phi(0) to the variation of the total Frank elastic energy with respect to phi. Our calculations indicate that both methods give essentially the same results, which indicates the consistency of those two methods. We also show that, for a surface with square patterns, the agreement between theory and numerical calculations is quite good even when the maximum of the surface slope is around 0.4, which theory assumes is much smaller than unity. When the surface slope is of order unity, the deviation of numerical results from theory crucially depends on the the surface elastic constant K24.