Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2009 Dec;53(3):703-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.020. Epub 2009 Jul 25.
Buteonine hawks represent one of the most diverse groups in the Accipitridae, with 58 species distributed in a variety of habitats on almost all continents. Variations in migratory behavior, remarkable dispersal capability, and unusual diversity in Central and South America make buteonine hawks an excellent model for studies in avian evolution. To evaluate the history of their global radiation, we used an integrative approach that coupled estimation of the phylogeny using a large sequence database (based on 6411 bp of mitochondrial markers and one nuclear intron from 54 species), divergence time estimates, and ancestral state reconstructions. Our findings suggest that Neotropical buteonines resulted from a long evolutionary process that began in the Miocene and extended to the Pleistocene. Colonization of the Nearctic, and eventually the Old World, occurred from South America, promoted by the evolution of seasonal movements and development of land bridges. Migratory behavior evolved several times and may have contributed not only to colonization of the Holarctic, but also derivation of insular species. In the Neotropics, diversification of the buteonines included four disjunction events across the Andes. Adaptation of monophyletic taxa to wet environments occurred more than once, and some relationships indicate an evolutionary connection among mangroves, coastal and várzea environments. On the other hand, groups occupying the same biome, forest, or open vegetation habitats are not monophyletic. Refuges or sea-level changes or a combination of both was responsible for recent speciation in Amazonian taxa. In view of the lack of concordance between phylogeny and classification, we propose numerous taxonomic changes.
伯劳鸟是鹰形目（Accipitridae）中最多样化的群体之一，共有 58 种分布在各大洲的各种生境中。它们在迁徙行为、显著的扩散能力以及中美洲和南美洲不同寻常的多样性方面存在差异，使伯劳鸟成为鸟类进化研究的理想模型。为了评估它们全球辐射的历史，我们采用了一种综合方法，该方法结合了使用大型序列数据库（基于 54 个物种的 6411 个碱基对的线粒体标记和一个核内插序列）估计系统发育、分化时间估计和祖先状态重建。我们的研究结果表明，新热带伯劳鸟是一个漫长进化过程的结果，这个过程始于中新世，一直持续到更新世。季节性迁徙行为的进化和陆桥的发展促进了它们从南美洲向新北界（Nearctic），最终向旧大陆（Old World）的扩散。迁徙行为多次进化，不仅有助于极地的殖民化，而且有助于衍生出岛屿物种。在新热带地区，伯劳鸟的多样化包括了四次跨越安第斯山脉的间断事件。单系类群对湿地环境的适应不止发生了一次，一些关系表明红树林、沿海和泛滥平原环境之间存在进化联系。另一方面，占据相同生物群系、森林或开阔植被栖息地的类群不是单系的。最近亚马逊地区分类群的物种形成是由于避难所或海平面变化或两者的结合。鉴于系统发育和分类之间缺乏一致性，我们提出了许多分类变化。
