Advances in translational transplant immunology.

Recent developments in basic and translational immunology open new exciting perspectives for inducing transplantation tolerance in the clinic. Induction of tolerance, defined as permanent acceptance of the transplant in the absence of continuous immunosuppression, is an achievable goal. However, a number of hurdles still need to be overcome before immunosuppressive drugs can be safely withdrawn in solid organ transplant recipients. Additional strategies for improving long-term outcomes were examined, including best methods for apply using various biomarkers in the clinical setting to improve the diagnosis and management of ongoing renal damage. Detection of a potential or existing immune response to tissue grafts is an important first step in improving the survival of heart, liver, and kidney transplant patients.