Tweezering the core of dendrimers: medium effect on the kinetic and thermodynamic properties.

We have investigated the complex formation between dendritic guests and a molecular tweezer host by NMR, absorption, and emission spectroscopy as well as electrochemical techniques. The dendrimers are constituted by an electron-acceptor 4,4'-bipyridinium core appended with one (DnB(2+)) or two (Dn(2)B(2+)) polyaryl-ether dendrons. Tweezer T comprises a naphthalene and four benzene components bridged by four methylene groups. Medium effects on molecular recognition phenomena are discussed and provide insight into the conformation of dendrimers: change in solvent polarity from pure CH(2)Cl(2) to CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)CN mixtures and addition of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (NBu(4)PF(6), up to 0.15 M), the supporting electrolyte used in the electrochemical measurements, have been investigated. The association constants measured in different media show the following trend: (i) they decrease upon increasing polarity of the solvent, as expected for host-guest complexes stabilized by electron donor-acceptor interactions; (ii) no effect of generation and number of dendrons (one for the DnB(2+) family and two for the Dn(2)B(2+) family) appended to the core is observed in higher polarity media; and (iii) in a low-polarity solvent, like CH(2)Cl(2), the stability of the inclusion complexes is higher for DnB(2+) dendrimers than for Dn(2)B(2+) ones, while within each dendrimer family it increases by decreasing dendron generation, and upon addition of NBu(4)PF(6). The last result has been ascribed to a partial dendron unfolding. Kinetic investigations performed in lower polarity media evidence that the rate constants of complex formation are slower for symmetric Dn(2)B(2+) dendrimers than for the nonsymmetric DnB(2+) ones, and that within the Dn(2)B(2+) family, they decrease by increasing dendron generation. The dependence of the rate constants for the formation and dissociation of the complexes upon addition of NBu(4)PF(6) has also been investigated and discussed.