Nilsson Jonatan, Kristiansen Tore S, Fosseidengen Jan Erik, Stien Lars Helge, Fernö Anders, van den Bos Ruud
Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway.
Behav Processes. 2010 Mar;83(3):257-66. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.12.008. Epub 2009 Dec 14.
We studied the learning capacities and anticipatory behaviour in a "sit-and-wait" predatory fish, the Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus. In Experiment 1 two groups of halibut received series of light flashes (conditioned stimulus, CS) that started before delivery of food (unconditioned stimulus, US) and persisted until after food delivery, i.e. delay conditioning. Control groups received unpaired CS and US presentations. The anticipatory behaviour of delay conditioned halibut consisted mainly of take-offs towards the surface shortly after onset of the CS. In Experiment 2 six groups of halibut were trained in three trace conditioning procedures: Two groups with 20s, two groups with 60s and two groups with 120s trace interval. Learning was evident in the 20 and 60s trace groups and in one of the 120s trace groups. In contrast to delay conditioning the anticipatory behaviour of trace conditioned halibut was characterized by subtle movements near the tank floor with orientation towards the CS. The cautious responses of halibut after trace conditioning differed markedly from what is observed in other fish species and are suggested to reflect a "sit-and-wait" foraging strategy that requires the predator to remain undetected until the prey is within lunging range.
我们研究了一种“坐等”捕食性鱼类——大西洋大比目鱼（Hippoglossus hippoglossus）的学习能力和预期行为。在实验1中，两组大比目鱼接受了一系列闪光（条件刺激，CS），这些闪光在食物（非条件刺激，US）投放之前开始，并持续到食物投放之后，即延迟条件作用。对照组接受未配对的CS和US呈现。延迟条件作用的大比目鱼的预期行为主要包括在CS开始后不久向水面起飞。在实验2中，六组大比目鱼接受了三种痕迹条件作用程序的训练：两组为20秒痕迹间隔，两组为60秒痕迹间隔，两组为120秒痕迹间隔。在20秒和60秒痕迹组以及120秒痕迹组中的一组中观察到了学习现象。与延迟条件作用不同，痕迹条件作用的大比目鱼的预期行为的特点是在靠近水箱底部有微妙的动作，并朝着CS的方向。大比目鱼在痕迹条件作用后的谨慎反应与在其他鱼类中观察到的情况明显不同，这表明它反映了一种“坐等”觅食策略，即捕食者在猎物进入攻击范围之前需要保持不被发现。
