School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73(5):341-54. doi: 10.1080/15287390903442637.
The term "technogenic particles" is used to describe airborne particulate matter (PM) produced during industrial processes. The most common of these is "fly ash" produced during combustion of solid and liquid fossil fuels. Coal fly ash is derived from the mineral and metal contaminants within coal in which particles (1) are distinctly spherical in shape, (2) are composed of 60-90% glass, and (3) often contain a range of contaminant metals. In addition, particles may contain recrystallized minerals, mainly quartz, mullite, and hematite; both quartz and mullite are recognized respiratory hazards. Fly ash particles from both UK and Chinese coal-burning power stations were characterized by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (morphology and size), x-ray diffraction (crystallinity and minerals), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (elemental composition). PM(10) samples were separated from bulk fly ash by a dry dust separator system. The plasmid scission assay (PSA) was used to measure damage produced by fly ash to plasmid bacteriophage PhiX174 RF DNA. The supercoiled DNA was either damaged or severely damaged by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the fly ash at different concentrations. Geochemical analyses confirmed that the fly ash particles are predominantly glass, with a minor component of the minerals quartz, hematite, and mullite. Fly ash particles also contained a range of metals contaminants; however, these were mostly bound into the glass with only a small proportion potentially bioaccessible. PSA data showed that fly ash exhibited significant oxidative capacity when compared to negative control (MB H(2)O), indicating that ROS are likely to be the driving force underlying fly ash bioreactivity.
术语“人为颗粒”用于描述工业过程中产生的空气悬浮颗粒物（PM）。其中最常见的是“粉煤灰”，它是在燃烧固体和液体化石燃料时产生的。煤飞灰源自煤中的矿物质和金属污染物，其中颗粒（1）形状明显呈球形，（2）由 60-90%的玻璃组成，（3）通常含有一系列污染物金属。此外，颗粒可能含有再结晶矿物，主要是石英、莫来石和赤铁矿；石英和莫来石均被认为是呼吸危害物。来自英国和中国燃煤发电站的粉煤灰颗粒通过场发射扫描电子显微镜（形态和大小）、X 射线衍射（结晶度和矿物）和电感耦合等离子体质谱（元素组成）进行了表征。PM（10）样品通过干式粉尘分离系统从飞灰中分离出来。质粒断裂测定（PSA）用于测量粉煤灰对噬菌体 PhiX174 RF DNA 的质粒造成的损伤。超螺旋 DNA 被粉煤灰在不同浓度下产生的活性氧（ROS）损伤或严重损伤。地球化学分析证实，飞灰颗粒主要由玻璃组成，少量的矿物包括石英、赤铁矿和莫来石。粉煤灰颗粒还含有一系列金属污染物；然而，这些污染物大多与玻璃结合，只有一小部分可能具有生物可利用性。PSA 数据表明，与阴性对照（MB H2O）相比，粉煤灰表现出显著的氧化能力，表明 ROS 可能是粉煤灰生物活性的驱动力。
