Molecular diversity of vasotocin-dependent aquaporins closely associated with water adaptation strategy in anuran amphibians.

Anuran amphibians represent the first vertebrates that adapted to terrestrial environments, and are successfully distributed around the world, even to forests and arid deserts. Many adult anurans have specialised osmoregulatory organs, in addition to the kidney (i.e. the ventral pelvic skin to absorb water from the external environments and a urinary bladder that stores water and reabsorbs it in times of need). Aquaporin (AQP), a water channel protein, plays a fundamental role in these water absorption/reabsorption processes. The anuran AQP family consists of at least AQP0-AQP5, AQP7-AQP10 and two anuran-specific types, designated as AQPa1 and AQPa2. For the three osmoregulatory organs, AQP3 is constitutively located in the basolateral membrane of the tight-junctioned epithelial cells, allowing water transport between the cytoplasm of these cells and the neighbouring tissue fluid at all times. On the other hand, AQPs at the apical side of the tight epithelial cells are different among these organs, and are named kidney-type AQP2, ventral pelvic skin-type AQPa2 and urinary bladder-type AQPa2. All of them show translocation from the cytoplasmic pool to the apical plasma membrane in response to arginine vasotocin, thereby regulating water transport independently in each osmoregulatory organ. It was further revealed that, in terrestrial and arboreal anurans, the bladder-type AQPa2 is expressed in the pelvic skin, together with the pelvic skin-type AQPa2, potentially facilitating water absorption from the pelvic skin. By contrast, Xenopus has lost the ability to efficiently produce pelvic skin-type AQPa2 (AQP-x3) because Cys-273 of AQP-x3 and/or Cys-273-coding region of AQPx3 mRNA attenuate gene expression at a post-transcriptional step, presumably leading to the prevention of excessive water influx in this aquatic species. Collectively, the acquisition of two forms of AQPa2 and the diversified regulation of their gene expression appears to provide the necessary mechanisms for the evolutionary adaptation of anurans to a wide variety of ecological environments.