Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, VA, USA.
Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Jun 15;67(12):1171-7. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.014. Epub 2010 Feb 20.
Similar patterns of vulnerability to carbon dioxide (CO(2)) inhalation have been reported in adults with panic disorder (PD) and children with separation anxiety disorder (SAD), suggesting a link between the adult and child conditions. This study examines the influence of familial risk for PD on CO(2) responses in children with SAD. We hypothesized that offspring with SAD of parents with PD would have distinct CO(2) responses.
Two hundred twelve 9- to 20-year-old offspring of parents with or without PD were exposed to maintained 5% CO(2) inhalation in the participants' homes. Anxiety symptoms, panic attacks, and respiratory physiology (respiratory frequency and tidal volume) were monitored during baseline and 15-min maintained CO(2) breathing.
As hypothesized, significant offspring SAD x parent PD interactions were obtained for anxiety symptoms, respiratory frequency, tidal volume, and a panting index during CO(2) inhalation. Offspring with both SAD and parental PD exhibited more anxiety symptoms at termination of 5% CO(2) breathing than the other offspring groups and had the most extreme values on measures of respiratory physiology.
Youth with both SAD and parental PD have respiratory responses to CO(2) similar to adult PD. They might be a subtype of SAD at particularly high risk for adult PD.
在患有惊恐障碍（PD）的成年人和患有分离焦虑障碍（SAD）的儿童中，吸入二氧化碳（CO2）的易感性模式相似，这表明成人和儿童的情况之间存在联系。本研究探讨了 PD 父母的家族风险对 SAD 儿童 CO2 反应的影响。我们假设，PD 父母的 SAD 后代会有不同的 CO2 反应。
212 名 9 至 20 岁的 SAD 后代的父母患有或未患有 PD，并在参与者的家中暴露于维持 5% CO2 吸入。在基线和 15 分钟维持 CO2 呼吸期间监测焦虑症状、惊恐发作和呼吸生理（呼吸频率和潮气量）。
正如假设的那样，在 CO2 吸入期间，焦虑症状、呼吸频率、潮气量和气喘指数方面，有显著的后代 SAD x 父母 PD 相互作用。患有 SAD 和父母 PD 的后代在 5% CO2 呼吸结束时表现出更多的焦虑症状，比其他后代群体的焦虑症状更严重，并且在呼吸生理测量方面的数值也更为极端。
同时患有 SAD 和父母 PD 的青少年对 CO2 的呼吸反应与成人 PD 相似。他们可能是 SAD 的一种亚型，患有成人 PD 的风险特别高。
