Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Feb;125(2 Suppl 2):S150-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.073.
Airborne allergens are the major cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Daily exposure comes from indoor sources, chiefly at home but occasionally at schools or offices. Seasonal exposure to outdoor allergens, pollens, and molds is another important source. Exposure to unusual substances at work causes occupational asthma, accounting for about 5% of asthma in adults. Indoor and outdoor air pollutants trigger airway inflammation and increase the severity of asthma. Diesel exhaust particles increase the production of IgE antibodies. Identification and reduction of exposure to allergens is a very important part of the management of respiratory allergic diseases. The first section of this chapter discusses domestic allergens, arthropods (mites and cockroaches), molds, and mammals (pets and mice). Indoor humidity and water damage are important factors in the production of mite and mold allergens, and discarded human food items are important sources of proliferation of cockroaches and mice. Means of identifying and reducing exposure are presented. The second section discusses outdoor allergens: pollens and molds. The particular plants or molds and the amount of exposure to these allergens is determined by the local climate, and local pollen and mold counts are available to determine the time and amount of exposure. Climate change is already having an important effect on the distribution and amount of outdoor allergens. The third section discusses indoor and outdoor air pollution and methods that individuals can take to reduce indoor pollution in addition to eliminating cigarette smoking. The fourth section discusses the diagnosis and management of occupational asthma.
空气中的过敏原是引起过敏性鼻炎和哮喘的主要原因。日常接触的过敏原主要来自室内，主要是在家里，但偶尔也会在学校或办公室。季节性接触室外过敏原、花粉和霉菌也是另一个重要的来源。在工作中接触不常见的物质会导致职业性哮喘，约占成年人哮喘的 5%。室内外空气污染物会引发气道炎症，加重哮喘的严重程度。柴油废气颗粒会增加 IgE 抗体的产生。识别和减少过敏原的接触是治疗呼吸道过敏性疾病的重要部分。本章的第一节讨论了室内过敏原、节肢动物（尘螨和蟑螂）、霉菌和哺乳动物（宠物和老鼠）。室内湿度和水损坏是尘螨和霉菌过敏原产生的重要因素，而废弃的人类食物是蟑螂和老鼠大量繁殖的重要来源。介绍了识别和减少接触的方法。第二节讨论了室外过敏原：花粉和霉菌。特定的植物或霉菌以及对这些过敏原的暴露量取决于当地的气候，并且可以提供当地的花粉和霉菌计数来确定暴露的时间和量。气候变化已经对室外过敏原的分布和数量产生了重要影响。第三节讨论了室内外空气污染以及个人可以采取的除消除吸烟以外的减少室内污染的方法。第四节讨论了职业性哮喘的诊断和管理。
