Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;11(4):237-51. doi: 10.1038/nrm2867. Epub 2010 Mar 18.
For over a decade, the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex, a handful of nucleation-promoting factors and formins were the only molecules known to directly nucleate actin filament formation de novo. However, the past several years have seen a surge in the discovery of mammalian proteins with roles in actin nucleation and dynamics. Newly recognized nucleation-promoting factors, such as WASP and SCAR homologue (WASH), WASP homologue associated with actin, membranes and microtubules (WHAMM), and junction-mediating regulatory protein (JMY), stimulate ARP2/3 activity at distinct cellular locations. Formin nucleators with additional biochemical and cellular activities have also been uncovered. Finally, the Spire, cordon-bleu and leiomodin nucleators have revealed new ways of overcoming the kinetic barriers to actin polymerization.
十多年来，肌动蛋白相关蛋白 2/3（ARP2/3）复合物、少数几个成核促进因子和formin 一直是唯一被发现可直接引发新的肌动蛋白丝成核的分子。然而，过去几年中，人们发现了许多具有肌动蛋白成核和动力学作用的哺乳动物蛋白。新发现的成核促进因子，如 Wiskott–Aldrich 综合征蛋白（WASP）和 Scar 同源物（WASH）、与肌动蛋白、膜和微管相关的 WASP 同源物（WHAMM）、以及连接介导调节蛋白（JMY），在不同的细胞位置刺激 ARP2/3 的活性。还发现了具有其他生化和细胞活性的formin 成核因子。最后，Spire、cordon-bleu 和 leiomodin 成核因子揭示了克服肌动蛋白聚合动力学障碍的新方法。
