Miniaturized microfluidic formats for cell-based high-throughput screening.

Cell-based high-throughput screening (HTS) has become an important method used in pharmaceutical drug discovery, and is presently carried out using robots and micro-well plates. A microfluidic-based device for cell-based HTS using a traditional cell-culture protocol would be a key enabler in miniaturization and in increasing throughput without consequent detrimental effects on the physiological significance of the screen. In this paper, we illustrate the advances in miniaturization of cell-based HTS, especially using microfabrication and microfluidics. We also detail a novel microfluidic HTS device targeted for cell-based assays using traditional non-compartmentalized agar gel as a cell-culture medium and electric control over drug dose. The basic design of this device consists of a gel layer supported by a nanoporous membrane that is bonded to microchannels underneath it. The pores of the membrane are blocked everywhere except in selected regions that serve as fluidic interfaces between the microchannel below and the gel above. Upon application of an electric field, nanopores start to act as electrokinetic pumps. By selectively switching an array of such micropumps, a number of spots containing drug molecules are created simultaneously in the gel layer. By diffusion, drugs reach the top surface of the gel where cells are to be grown. Based on this principle, a number of different devices can be fabricated using microfabrication technology. The fabricated devices include a single drug spot-forming device, a multiple drug spot-forming device, and a microarray drug spot-forming device. By controlling the pumping potential and duration, spots sizes ranging from 200 mu;m to 6 mm in diameter and having inter-spot distances of 0.4 to 10 mm have been created. The absence of diffusional transport through the nanoporous interfaces without an electric field is demonstrated. A number of representative molecules, including surrogate drug molecules (trypan blue and methylene blue) and biomolecules (DNA and protein) were selected for demonstration purposes. A dosing range of 50 to 3000 mu;g and a spot density of 156 spots/cm2 were achieved. The drug spot density was found to be limited by molecular diffusion in gel, so a numerical study was carried to determine ways to increase density. Based on this simulation, a diffusion barrier was proposed, which uses a specially dimensioned (having shallow grooves) gel sheet to reduce diffusion.