Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Bioresour Technol. 2010 Oct;101(19):7350-61. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.038. Epub 2010 May 7.
Large amount of hydrogen is consumed during the upgrading of bitumen into synthetic crude oil (SCO), and this hydrogen is exclusively produced from natural gas in Western Canada. Because of large amount of emission from natural gas, alternative sources for hydrogen fuel especially renewable feedstocks could significantly reduce CO(2) emissions. In this study, biomass is converted to bio-oil by fast pyrolysis. This bio-oil is steam reformed near bitumen upgrading plant for producing hydrogen fuel. A techno-economic model is developed to estimate the cost of hydrogen from biomass through the pathway of fast pyrolysis. Three different feedstocks including whole-tree biomass, forest residues (i.e. limbs, branches, and tops of tree produced during logging operations), and straw (mostly from wheat and barley crops) are considered for biohydrogen production. Delivered cost of biohydrogen from whole-tree-based biomass ($2.40/kg of H(2)) is lower than that of forest residues ($3.00/kg of H(2)) and agricultural residues ($4.55/kg of H(2)) at a plant capacity of 2000 dry tonnes/day. In this study, bio-oil is produced in the field/forest and transported to a distance of 500 km from the centralized remote bio-oil production plant to bitumen upgrading plant. Feedstock delivery cost and capital cost are the largest cost contributors to the bio-oil production cost, while more than 50% of the cost of biohydrogen production is contributed by bio-oil production and transportation. Carbon credits of $133, $214, and $356/tonne of CO(2) equivalent could make whole-tree, forest residues, and straw-based biohydrogen production competitive with natural gas-based H(2) for a natural gas price of $5/GJ, respectively.
大量氢气用于将沥青升级为合成原油（SCO），而这些氢气仅在加拿大西部由天然气生产。由于天然气排放量巨大，氢气燃料的替代来源，特别是可再生原料，可以显著减少 CO(2)排放。在这项研究中，生物质通过快速热解转化为生物油。这种生物油在靠近沥青升级工厂的地方进行蒸汽重整，以生产氢气燃料。开发了一种技术经济模型，通过快速热解途径估算生物质制氢的成本。考虑了三种不同的原料，包括整树生物质、森林残留物（即伐木作业期间产生的树枝、树枝和树顶）和秸秆（主要来自小麦和大麦作物），用于生产生物氢。在工厂产能为 2000 吨/天的情况下，基于整树生物质的生物氢气的交付成本（2.40 美元/千克 H(2))低于森林残留物（3.00 美元/千克 H(2))和农业残留物（4.55 美元/千克 H(2))。在这项研究中，生物油在现场/森林中生产，并运输到距离集中式偏远生物油生产厂 500 公里的地方，供沥青升级厂使用。原料交付成本和资本成本是生物油生产成本的最大成本贡献者，而生物氢气生产成本的 50%以上由生物油生产和运输贡献。每吨 CO(2)当量的碳信用额为 133 美元、214 美元和 356 美元，分别可以使整树、森林残留物和秸秆基生物氢气生产在天然气价格为 5 美元/GJ 时与天然气基 H(2)具有竞争力。
