Landcare Research, Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
New Phytol. 2010 Jul;187(2):475-484. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03277.x. Epub 2010 Apr 30.
*The absence of co-evolved mutualists of plants invading a novel habitat is the logical corollary of the more widely recognized 'enemy escape'. To avoid or overcome the loss of mutualists, plants may co-invade with nonnative mutualists, form novel associations with native mutualists or form associations with native cosmopolitan mutualists, which are native but not novel to the invading plant. *We tested these hypotheses by contrasting the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with invasive Pinus contorta in New Zealand with co-occurring endemic Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides. *Fungal communities on Pinus were species poor (14 ectomycorrhizal species) and dominated by nonnative (93%) and cosmopolitan fungi (7%). Nothofagus had a species-rich (98 species) fungal community dominated by native Cortinarius and two cosmopolitan fungi. *These results support co-invasion by mutualists rather than novel associations as an important mechanism by which plants avoid or overcome the loss of mutualists, consistent with invasional meltdown.
植物入侵新栖息地时，与其共同进化的互惠共生体缺失，这是更为人所熟知的“逃避敌人”的必然结果。为了避免或克服共生体的丧失，植物可能会与非本地的共生体共同入侵，与本地的共生体形成新的联系，或者与本地的世界性共生体形成联系，这些共生体对入侵植物来说是本地的，但并不是新的。我们通过对比新西兰入侵的辐射松与同时存在的地方性诺福克南洋杉 var. cliffortioides 相关的外生菌根真菌群落来检验这些假说。辐射松上的真菌群落物种贫乏（14 种外生菌根真菌），主要由非本地（93%）和世界性真菌（7%）组成。诺福克南洋杉的真菌群落物种丰富（98 种），主要由本地的 Cortinarius 和两种世界性真菌组成。这些结果支持了互惠共生体的共同入侵，而不是新的联系，这是植物避免或克服共生体丧失的一个重要机制，与入侵性崩溃一致。
