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Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010 Jul;20(6):459-66. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.01.011. Epub 2010 Jun 2.
Some food groups and supplements have been recommended for preventing coronary heart disease (CHD) in women. In this article, evidence on recommendations for some of these food groups (whole grains, fruits, vegetables, fish, nuts, and soy) and supplements (phytosterols, antioxidants, folic acid, and B-complex vitamins) is reviewed. Additionally, gender differences in nutritional requirements and recommendations are described.
Studies of nutrition in women and those emphasizing gender differences in nutritional requirements were selected for this review.
Observational data support the benefit of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains in CHD prevention. Trial data provide support for consuming fish at least twice a week, although women of childbearing age should limit their intake of fish that may contain high levels of mercury. Nuts are nutritious snacks but their caloric impact must be considered. Soy products do not affect low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or CHD but may be beneficial in replacing high-fat meat. Foods supplemented with plant stanol/sterol-esters are recommended for reducing LDL-C. Antioxidant supplementation is not recommended for prevention of heart disease. A direct causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and CHD has not been established. Homocysteine lowering through folic acid and B-complex vitamin supplementation has not been proven to improve CHD risk. More gender-specific analyses are needed to determine whether nutritional requirements differ between men and women.
一些食物组和补充剂已被推荐用于预防女性冠心病 (CHD)。本文综述了其中一些食物组（全谷物、水果、蔬菜、鱼类、坚果和大豆）和补充剂（植物甾醇、抗氧化剂、叶酸和 B 族复合维生素）的建议的证据。此外，还描述了营养需求和建议方面的性别差异。
选择了针对女性营养的研究和强调营养需求性别差异的研究进行综述。
观察性数据支持蔬菜、水果和全谷物对 CHD 预防的益处。试验数据支持每周至少食用两次鱼类，但处于生育年龄的女性应限制摄入可能含有高汞水平的鱼类。坚果是营养丰富的零食，但必须考虑其热量影响。大豆制品不会影响低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL-C) 或 CHD，但可能有助于替代高脂肪肉类。建议食用添加植物甾醇/甾醇酯的食物来降低 LDL-C。不建议补充抗氧化剂来预防心脏病。维生素 D 缺乏与 CHD 之间的直接因果关系尚未确立。通过叶酸和 B 族复合维生素补充剂降低同型半胱氨酸并不能证明可改善 CHD 风险。需要进行更多的性别特异性分析，以确定男性和女性的营养需求是否存在差异。
