Pump scheme for gain-flattened Raman fiber amplifiers using improved particle swarm optimization and modified shooting algorithm.

An effective pump scheme for the design of broadband and flat gain spectrum Raman fiber amplifiers is proposed. This novel approach uses a new shooting algorithm based on a modified Newton-Raphson method and a contraction factor to solve the two point boundary problems of Raman coupled equations more stably and efficiently. In combination with an improved particle swarm optimization method, which improves the efficiency and convergence rate by introducing a new parameter called velocity acceptability probability, this scheme optimizes the wavelengths and power levels for the pumps quickly and accurately. Several broadband Raman fiber amplifiers in C+L band with optimized pump parameters are designed. An amplifier of 4 pumps is designed to deliver an average on-off gain of 13.3 dB for a bandwidth of 80 nm, with about +/-0.5 dB in band maximum gain ripples.