Stemmler M, Lösel F
Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University.
Bull Soc Sci Med Grand Duche Luxemb. 2010;Spec No 1(1):53-67.
Childrens' externalizing behaviors such as aggression, delinquency and impulsivity are serious problems in many societies. In previous person-oriented analyses we found two types of externalizing problems in boys. One pattern contained externalizing problems only, whereas the other type showed both externalizing and internalizing problems (anxiety, depression etc.). The present study addressed these two groups in a prospective longitudinal design. It was investigated whether the previous descriptive findings remained stable over time and, in particular, whether the two types differed in important risk factors for antisocial behavior. The sample consisted of 198 boys from the Erlangen-Nuremberg Development and Prevention Study. The first assessment took place in kindergarten and the second 3.4 years later in elementary school. The behavior problems were assessed by ratings of kindergarten teachers and elementary school teachers using the Social Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ). The risk factors were low socio-economic status of the family, birth complications, physical punishment in parenting behavior, difficult temperament, low intelligence, and aggression-prone social information processing of the child. Approximately 15% of the boys revealed externalizing behavior problems. A variable-oriented analysis showed significant stability over time. In a person-oriented Configural Frequency Analysis the 'externalizing only' and the 'combined externalizing and internalizing' pattern could be replicated. For five of the six risk factors we found significant differences between the boys with behavior problems and a non-deviant group. However, the two different patterns of externalizing problems differed only in intelligence (lower for the group with combined problems). The results confirm models of cumulative biological, psychological and social risks for antisocial behavior over time. Furthermore, specified analyses of the two types and their relation to proactive and reactive aggression are recommended.
儿童的外化行为，如攻击、犯罪和冲动，在许多社会中都是严重问题。在之前的以人为导向的分析中，我们在男孩中发现了两种外化问题类型。一种模式仅包含外化问题，而另一种类型则同时表现出外化和内化问题（焦虑、抑郁等）。本研究以前瞻性纵向设计研究了这两组。研究了之前的描述性结果是否随时间保持稳定，特别是这两种类型在反社会行为的重要风险因素方面是否存在差异。样本包括来自埃尔朗根 - 纽伦堡发展与预防研究的198名男孩。第一次评估在幼儿园进行，第二次在3.4年后的小学进行。行为问题通过幼儿园教师和小学教师使用社会行为问卷（SBQ）进行评分来评估。风险因素包括家庭社会经济地位低、出生并发症、育儿行为中的体罚、难养气质、低智力以及儿童易产生攻击行为的社会信息加工。约15%的男孩表现出外化行为问题。变量导向分析显示随时间有显著稳定性。在以人为导向的构型频率分析中，可以复制“仅外化”和“外化与内化结合”模式。对于六个风险因素中的五个，我们发现有行为问题的男孩与非偏差组之间存在显著差异。然而，两种不同的外化问题模式仅在智力方面存在差异（组合问题组较低）。结果证实了随着时间推移反社会行为的累积生物、心理和社会风险模型。此外，建议对这两种类型及其与主动性和反应性攻击的关系进行具体分析。
