Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Campus Box 7105, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7105, USA.
Pediatrics. 2010 Sep;126(3):e701-11. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-2374. Epub 2010 Aug 2.
Although the history of recognition of child abuse in Europe and North America extends over 40 years, recognition and data are lacking in other parts of the world. Cultural differences in child-rearing complicate cross-cultural studies of abuse.
To ascertain rates of harsh and less-harsh parenting behavior in population-based samples.
We used parallel surveys of parental discipline of children in samples of mothers in Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Philippines, and the United States. Data were collected between 1998 and 2003. The instrument used was a modification of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale, along with a study-developed survey of demographic characteristics and other parent and child variables. Women (N=14 239) from 19 communities in 6 countries were surveyed. We interviewed mothers aged 15 to 49 years (18-49 years in the United States) who had a child younger than 18 years in her home. Sample selection involved either random sampling or systematic sampling within randomly selected blocks or neighborhoods.
Nearly all parents used nonviolent discipline and verbal or psychological punishment. Physical punishment was used in at least 55% of the families. Spanking rates (with open hand on buttocks) ranged from a low of 15% in an educated community in India to a high of 76% in a Philippine community. Similarly, there was a wide range in the rates of children who were hit with objects (9%-74% [median: 39%]) or beaten by their parents (0.1%-28.5%). Extremely harsh methods of physical punishment, such as burning or smothering, were rare in all countries. It is concerning that >or=20% of parents in 9 communities admitted shaking children younger than 2 years.
Physical and verbal punishments of children are common in high-, middle-, and low-income communities around the world. The forms and rates of punishment vary among countries and among communities within countries. A median of 16% of children experienced harsh or potentially abusive physical discipline in the previous year.
尽管欧洲和北美的儿童虐待识别历史已经超过 40 年，但在世界其他地区，这方面的认知和数据仍然缺乏。育儿方面的文化差异使虐待的跨文化研究变得复杂。
确定基于人群的样本中严厉和不那么严厉的育儿行为的发生率。
我们使用了在巴西、智利、埃及、印度、菲律宾和美国的母亲样本中对儿童进行父母纪律调查的平行调查。数据收集于 1998 年至 2003 年期间。使用的工具是父母-儿童冲突策略量表的修改版，以及一项研究开发的关于人口特征和其他父母和儿童变量的调查。来自 6 个国家 19 个社区的 14239 名妇女接受了调查。我们采访了家中有 18 岁以下儿童的 15 至 49 岁（美国为 18-49 岁）的母亲。样本选择涉及随机抽样或在随机选择的街区或社区内进行系统抽样。
几乎所有的父母都使用非暴力的纪律手段和口头或心理惩罚。至少有 55%的家庭使用了身体惩罚。打屁股的比例（用手掌打臀部）从印度一个受过教育的社区的低 15%到菲律宾一个社区的高 76%不等。同样，用物体打孩子（9%-74%[中位数：39%]）或父母打孩子（0.1%-28.5%）的比率也有很大的差异。在所有国家，非常严厉的身体惩罚方式，如烧伤或闷死，都很少见。令人担忧的是，9 个社区中有>或=20%的父母承认摇晃 2 岁以下的儿童。
在世界各地的高、中、低收入社区，对儿童进行身体和言语惩罚都是很常见的。在国家之间和国家内部的社区之间，惩罚的形式和比率有所不同。中位数为 16%的儿童在过去一年中经历过严厉或潜在的虐待性身体纪律。
