Hemodynamic monitoring for less invasive cardiovascular surgery.

Surgery does not start with the incision and end with skin suturing. Successful surgical outcome depends on close interaction between the anesthesiology, surgery and intensive care units (ICU). Adequate patient monitoring is essential part of all aforementioned departments. Using adequate hemodynamic and neurologic monitoring, less invasive anaesthesia with less invasive cardiac and vascular surgery can be performed safely, leading to better surgical results, greater patient comfort and satisfaction, and reduced hospital stay.