School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
Placenta. 2010 Nov;31(11):951-7. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.08.008. Epub 2010 Sep 24.
During the first trimester of pregnancy the human placenta develops in an hypoxic environment caused by the occlusion of uterine spiral arterioles by extravillous trophoblasts (EVT). This period of low oxygen tension is crucial for successful pregnancy. In low oxygen environments, Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIF) are the main regulators in the transcription of a number of genes. Target genes can induce anaerobic processes, reducing oxygen consumption, or promote angiogenesis, which establishes and enhances the vascular environment. The HIFs can function throughout all stages of placental differentiation and growth both in normal and pathological pregnancies (compromised by hypoxia/ischemia). Interestingly, HIFs respond to a multitude of changes during pregnancy, including 1) low oxygen, 2) renin-angiotensin system (RAS), 3) cytokines, and 4) growth factors, all of which regulate placental function. This review explores oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent regulation and the role of HIF in placental development and differentiation.
在妊娠的第一个三个月，人类胎盘在由胎盘绒毛外滋养细胞阻塞子宫螺旋动脉引起的低氧环境中发育。这段低氧张力期对于成功妊娠至关重要。在低氧环境中，缺氧诱导因子（HIF）是转录大量基因的主要调节剂。靶基因可以诱导无氧过程，减少氧气消耗，或促进血管生成，从而建立和增强血管环境。HIF 可以在正常和病理妊娠（由缺氧/缺血引起）的胎盘分化和生长的所有阶段发挥作用。有趣的是，HIF 对妊娠期间的多种变化做出反应，包括 1）低氧，2）肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS），3）细胞因子和 4）生长因子，所有这些都调节胎盘功能。这篇综述探讨了氧依赖性和氧非依赖性调节以及 HIF 在胎盘发育和分化中的作用。
