History of Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece.
Urology. 2011 Feb;77(2):269-73. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.05.047. Epub 2010 Oct 13.
To offer historical evidence of Byzantine urology and the variety of operations or other healing techniques as applied on the selected group of the Emperors who presented with diseases of the kidney and the urinary tract.
The health problems of all 87 Byzantine Emperors have been reviewed and focus has been made on the urological diseases, followed by an analysis of the diagnostic and therapeutic processes.
Byzantine medicine is the heir of the Ancient Greek and Roman scientific knowledge, enriched by the personal experience of the physicians of the era and the evolution in anatomic researches. In the field of urology, various operative techniques were applied and the surgeons attempted to cure problems of the bladder, urethra, and external genitalia, aiming to restore the health of the State leader. The healing methods applied to the urological problems of the Emperors represent the highest level of this branch of Byzantine surgery, because the best quality of surgeons performed their profession in the capital of the Empire, Constantinople, and were also responsible for the health of the Royal Family. The descriptions of all of these well-known diseases of the urological system and their therapies are contained in the extended compilations of the medical authors of the era, and historical and other nonmedical sources complete the panoramic view of Byzantine urology.
The diagnosis and the healing methods for the urological diseases of the Emperors represent the general level of Byzantine Surgery and especially of urology, as well as the anatomic knowledge of the genital and the urological systems.
提供拜占庭泌尿科学的历史证据，以及针对所选一组患有肾脏和泌尿道疾病的皇帝所应用的各种手术或其他治疗技术。
回顾了所有 87 位拜占庭皇帝的健康问题，并将重点放在泌尿疾病上，随后分析了诊断和治疗过程。
拜占庭医学是古希腊和罗马科学知识的继承者，丰富了该时代医生的个人经验和解剖学研究的发展。在泌尿学领域，应用了各种手术技术，外科医生试图治疗膀胱、尿道和外生殖器的问题，旨在恢复国家领导人的健康。应用于皇帝泌尿问题的治疗方法代表了拜占庭外科这一分支的最高水平，因为在帝国首都君士坦丁堡，最好的外科医生都从事他们的职业，并且还负责皇室的健康。该时代医学作者的扩展编目包含了所有这些著名的泌尿系统疾病及其治疗方法，历史和其他非医学来源则完整地展示了拜占庭泌尿科学的全貌。
皇帝泌尿疾病的诊断和治疗方法代表了拜占庭手术的一般水平，特别是泌尿科学以及生殖器和泌尿系统的解剖学知识。
