Foxo: in command of T lymphocyte homeostasis and tolerance.

The forkhead box O (Foxo) family of transcription factors consists of the mammalian orthologs of the Caenorhabditis elegans longevity protein Daf-16, and has an evolutionarily conserved function in the regulation of nutrient sensing and stress responses. Recent studies have shown that Foxo proteins control expression of immune system-specific genes such as Il7ra in naïve T cells and Foxp3 in regulatory T cells, which are crucial regulators of T cell homeostasis and tolerance. These findings reveal that the ancient Foxo pathway has been co-opted to regulate highly specialized T cell activities. The Foxo pathway probably enables a diverse and self-tolerant population of T cells in the steady state, which is an important prerequisite for the establishment of a functional adaptive immune system.