Sass Katharina, Heim Stefan, Sachs Olga, Theede Katharina, Muehlhaus Juliane, Krach Sören, Kircher Tilo
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2010;70(4):435-53. doi: 10.55782/ane-2010-1815.
The production of language is one of the most complex and amazing skills in humans. Increasing evidence demonstrated that associative relations (e.g., car - garage) play an important role during concept formation but during speech production the effects and processing of associations are highly debated. Hence, the present study investigated the impact of associations and different SOAs on the production of sentences (Experiment 1) and on naming objects (Experiment 2). In an adapted version of the picture-word interference task, participants were asked to name two pictures using a standardized sentence (e.g., "The car is to the left of the trousers"). Thereby, a simultaneous (SOA is 0 ms) or slightly preceding (SOA is -150 ms) auditory or visual distractor had to be ignored. Distractors were related to the first noun (for example: "The car is to the left to the trousers", distractor: "garage") or to the second noun (distractor: "belt") or unrelated to both nouns (distractor: "bottle") of the sentence. At simultaneous presentation, visual and auditory distractors related to the first noun of the sentence prolonged naming responses (i.e., interference). For slightly preceding distractors, only visual presentation induced interference for the first noun of the sentence. During no condition, longer naming responses were found for the second noun of the sentence. These effects suggest that associatively related concepts are active during speech production and can be competitors, i.e., they lead to semantic interference. In Experiment 2, subjects had to name an object (e.g., car) while ignoring a visually presented distractor (e.g., motor). The stimulus set was the same as in Experiment 1. The results showed a facilitation effect if the distractor and the target were associatively related. Overall, the current results provide new insight in the models of speech production: while during single word production, associations facilitate naming, they interfere during sentence production. Hence, associations have an important influence on producing speech but the impact is varied by the context, i.e., single word or sentential.
语言的产生是人类最复杂、最惊人的技能之一。越来越多的证据表明，联想关系（如汽车 - 车库）在概念形成过程中起着重要作用，但在言语产生过程中，联想的影响和加工存在激烈争议。因此，本研究调查了联想和不同刺激呈现间隔（SOA）对句子生成（实验1）和物体命名（实验2）的影响。在图片 - 单词干扰任务的一个改编版本中，要求参与者使用标准化句子（如“汽车在裤子的左边”）来命名两张图片。在此过程中，必须忽略一个同时呈现（SOA为0毫秒）或稍提前呈现（SOA为 -150毫秒）的听觉或视觉干扰物。干扰物与句子的第一个名词相关（例如：“汽车在裤子的左边”，干扰物：“车库”）或与第二个名词相关（干扰物：“皮带”）或与两个名词都无关（干扰物：“瓶子”）。在同时呈现时，与句子第一个名词相关的视觉和听觉干扰物延长了命名反应（即干扰）。对于稍提前呈现的干扰物，只有视觉呈现会对句子的第一个名词产生干扰。在任何情况下，句子第二个名词的命名反应都没有延长。这些结果表明，在言语产生过程中，联想相关的概念是活跃的，并且可能成为竞争者，即它们会导致语义干扰。在实验2中，受试者必须在忽略视觉呈现的干扰物（如摩托车）的情况下命名一个物体（如汽车）。刺激集与实验1相同。结果表明，如果干扰物和目标是联想相关的，则会产生促进作用。总体而言，当前结果为言语产生模型提供了新的见解：在单个单词产生过程中，联想促进命名，但在句子产生过程中则产生干扰。因此，联想对言语产生有重要影响，但这种影响因语境而异，即单个单词或句子语境。
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