University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
J Atten Disord. 2012 Oct;16(7):535-43. doi: 10.1177/1087054711403709. Epub 2011 Apr 13.
To ascertain the association of childhood ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) on functional impairment and to test the moderating influence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits.
Ethnically diverse 6- to 9-year-old children with (n = 59) and without (n = 47) ADHD were ascertained using multiple methods (i.e., rating scales and structured interview) and informants (i.e., parent, teacher, and interviewer).
Using ratings of impairment that were independent of the diagnostic assessment of ADHD and ODD, the association between ADHD and impairment was significantly moderated by CU traits, such that CU traits positively predicted impairment at low and moderate levels of ADHD but not at high levels of ADHD. CU traits did not moderate the association of ODD and impairment.
The authors discuss findings within the context of multiple pathways to and from negative outcomes and the utility of evaluating CU traits in studies of ADHD and conduct problems.
确定儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和对立违抗性障碍（ODD）与功能障碍的关联，并检验冷酷无情（CU）特征的调节作用。
通过多种方法（即评分量表和结构化访谈）和信息提供者（即父母、教师和访谈者）确定患有（n=59）和不患有（n=47）ADHD 的 6 至 9 岁儿童。
使用与 ADHD 和 ODD 的诊断评估无关的损伤评分，ADHD 与损伤之间的关联受到 CU 特征的显著调节，即 CU 特征在 ADHD 处于低水平和中等水平时正向预测损伤，但在 ADHD 处于高水平时则不然。CU 特征并没有调节 ODD 和损伤之间的关联。
作者在从负面结果到负面结果的多种途径的背景下讨论了研究结果，并讨论了在 ADHD 和行为问题研究中评估 CU 特征的效用。
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