Weinbruch Stephan, Ebert Martin, Gorzawski Hauke, Dirsch Thomas, Berg Torunn, Steinnes Eiliv
Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 9, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
J Environ Monit. 2010 May;12(5):1064-71. doi: 10.1039/b926876f.
The size, morphology and chemical composition of 8405 particles on moss surfaces (Hylocomium splendens) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Two moss samples from three locations in Southern Norway (Algård, Birkeland, Neslandsvatn) and two sampling years (1977 and 2005) each were selected leading to a total of 12 samples investigated. At all three locations, particle deposition decreased substantially with time. The major particle groups encountered include silicates, iron-rich silicates, metal oxides/hydroxides, iron oxides/hydroxides, carbonates, carbon-rich particles, silicate fly ashes, iron-rich silicate fly ashes, and iron oxide fly ashes. Between 1977 and 2005, the relative number abundance of the three fly ash groups decreased substantially from approximately 30-60% to 10-18% for the small particles (equivalent projected area diameter <1 microm), and from 10-35% to 2-9% for large particles with diameters ≥1 microm. This decrease of fly ash particles with time was overlooked in previous papers on atmospheric input of pollutants into ecosystems in Southern Norway. In general, the presence of fly ash particles is ignored in most source apportionment studies based on bulk chemical analysis. Consequently, the geogenic component (crustal component) derived from principal component analysis is overestimated systematically, as it has a similar chemical composition as the fly ash particles. The high abundance of fly ashes demonstrates the need to complement source apportionment based on bulk chemistry by scanning electron microscopy in order to avoid misclassification of this important anthropogenic aerosol component.
通过扫描电子显微镜和能量色散X射线微分析，研究了苔藓表面（华丽塔藓）上8405个颗粒的大小、形态和化学成分。从挪威南部的三个地点（阿尔加德、比克兰、内斯兰斯瓦特恩）选取了两份苔藓样本，每份样本有两个采样年份（1977年和2005年），共计12个样本进行研究。在所有三个地点，颗粒沉积都随时间大幅减少。遇到的主要颗粒类别包括硅酸盐、富铁硅酸盐、金属氧化物/氢氧化物、铁氧化物/氢氧化物、碳酸盐、富碳颗粒、硅酸盐飞灰、富铁硅酸盐飞灰和铁氧化物飞灰。在1977年至2005年期间，对于小颗粒（等效投影面积直径<1微米），这三类飞灰的相对数量丰度从约30 - 60%大幅降至10 - 18%，对于直径≥1微米的大颗粒，从10 - 35%降至2 - 9%。以往关于挪威南部生态系统大气污染物输入的论文忽略了飞灰颗粒随时间的这种减少。一般来说，在大多数基于整体化学分析的源解析研究中，飞灰颗粒的存在被忽略了。因此，从主成分分析得出的地质成因成分（地壳成分）被系统性高估，因为它与飞灰颗粒具有相似的化学成分。飞灰的高丰度表明，有必要通过扫描电子显微镜对基于整体化学的源解析进行补充，以避免对这一重要的人为气溶胶成分进行错误分类。
