Introduction to multiple organ dysfunction and failure.

Multiple organ failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were first recognized as undesirable complications of advancements in emergency and critical care. MODS remains the leading cause of death and resource expenditure in human intensive care units. MODS has been documented in small animal veterinary patients raising similar concerns. The understanding of the pathogenesis of MODS has evolved from uncontrolled infection to uncontrolled inflammation. Management is primarily through supportive care, early and aggressive monitoring of organ function, and intensive care nursing. Tissue hypoxia, microvascular thrombosis, increased vascular permeability, and disrupted cell-cell communication are prominent features of MODS.