Bifunctional single-crystalline rutile nanorod decorated heterostructural photoanodes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.

A novel heterostructural TiO(2) nanocomposite, which consists of single-crystalline rutile TiO(2) nanorod decorated Degussa P25 nanoparticles, has been fabricated through a facile acidic hydrothermal method and successfully applied as the photoanodes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. The morphology, crystal structure, specific surface area and pore size distribution of the obtained nanocomposite were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), selected-area electron diffraction patterns (SAED) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. Under standard illumination conditions (AM 1.5, 100 mW cm(-2)), devices with these hybrid anodes exhibited considerably enhanced photocurrent density and overall conversion efficiency in comparison with that of the commercial Degussa P25 electrodes, which can be partially attributed to the light scattering effect in the long-wavelength region as evidenced from the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) response and the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. More importantly, devices employing these hybrid anodes have demonstrated extended electron lifetimes and larger electron diffusion coefficient as validated by the intensity-modulated photocurrent/photovoltage spectroscopy measurements, which can be mainly ascribed to the fast electron transport and collection superiority of the single-crystalline nanorods.