Ruitenberg E J
Centraal Laboratorium van de Bloedtransfusiedienst van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Amsterdam.
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1990 Apr 15;115(8):362-70.
A historical review on the preparation and use of vaccines is presented. The example of smallpox vaccination in man is interesting, as it affords an insight into the development of the principle of vaccination, the improvement of the vaccine and the eradication of the disease. Moreover, the various stages of vaccinology were described. Initially, vaccines were prepared on the basis of the attenuated or inactivated pathogens. After the introduction of animal cell culture techniques among others it became possible to realise an amplification of the preparation of virus vaccines. Since the introduction of recent biotechnological methods, including monoclonal antibodies and recombinant DNA technology, the development and preparation of well characterised and purified vaccines became possible. Immunology, including the development of adjuvants and the immunogenetic aspects, is essential in the further development of vaccines. Furthermore, it should be stressed that in using vaccines, the control aspects of the new generation of vaccines including the application of so-called Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), directives for their preparation should be strictly adhered to.
本文对疫苗的制备和使用进行了历史回顾。人痘接种的例子很有趣，因为它能让人深入了解疫苗接种原理的发展、疫苗的改进以及疾病的根除。此外，还描述了疫苗学的各个阶段。最初，疫苗是基于减毒或灭活病原体制备的。在引入动物细胞培养技术等之后，实现病毒疫苗制备的扩增成为可能。自从引入包括单克隆抗体和重组DNA技术在内的现代生物技术方法以来，制备特征明确且纯化的疫苗成为可能。免疫学，包括佐剂的开发和免疫遗传学方面，对于疫苗的进一步发展至关重要。此外，应该强调的是，在使用疫苗时，必须严格遵守新一代疫苗的控制方面，包括所谓的良好生产规范（GMP）及其制备指令。
