Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Fuels and Energy Branch, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States.
ACS Nano. 2011 Oct 25;5(10):8100-7. doi: 10.1021/nn202699t. Epub 2011 Sep 29.
There have been multiple conflicting reports about the biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of graphene oxide. To address this, we conducted a study to characterize the antimicrobial properties of graphene oxide (GO) and its biocompatibility with mammalian cells. When GO was added to a bacterial culture at 25 μg/mL, the results showed that bacteria grew faster and to a higher optical density than cultures without GO. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that bacteria formed dense biofilms in the presence of GO. This was shown by a large mass of aggregated cells and extracellular polymeric material. Bacterial growth on filters coated with 25 and 75 μg of GO grew 2 and 3 times better than on filters without GO. Closer analysis showed that bacteria were able to attach and proliferate preferentially in areas containing the highest GO levels. Graphene oxide films failed to produce growth inhibition zones around them, indicating a lack of antibacterial properties. Also, bacteria were able to grow on GO films to 9.5 × 10(9) cells from an initial inoculation of 1.0 × 10(6), indicating that it also lacks bacteriostatic activity. Thus, silver-coated GO films were able to produce clearing zones and cell death. Also, graphene oxide was shown to greatly enhance the attachment and proliferation of mammalian cells. This study conclusively demonstrates that graphene oxide does not have intrinsic antibacterial, bacteriostatic, and cytotoxic properties in both bacteria and mammalian cells. Furthermore, graphene oxide acts as a general enhancer of cellular growth by increasing cell attachment and proliferation.
关于氧化石墨烯的生物相容性和抗菌活性，已经有了许多相互矛盾的报告。为了解决这个问题，我们进行了一项研究，以表征氧化石墨烯（GO）的抗菌特性及其与哺乳动物细胞的生物相容性。当将 GO 添加到细菌培养物中浓度为 25μg/mL 时，结果表明，与没有 GO 的培养物相比，细菌生长更快，达到更高的光密度。扫描电子显微镜表明，在存在 GO 的情况下，细菌形成了密集的生物膜。这是由大量聚集的细胞和细胞外聚合物材料表明的。在涂有 25 和 75μg GO 的过滤器上，细菌的生长速度比没有 GO 的过滤器上快 2 倍和 3 倍。更仔细的分析表明，细菌能够优先在含有最高 GO 水平的区域附着和增殖。GO 薄膜周围无法产生生长抑制区，表明其缺乏抗菌性能。此外，细菌能够从初始接种的 1.0×10(6)生长到 9.5×10(9)个细胞，这表明其也缺乏抑菌活性。因此，银涂覆的 GO 薄膜能够产生清除区和细胞死亡。此外，氧化石墨烯被证明可以极大地增强哺乳动物细胞的附着和增殖。这项研究明确表明，氧化石墨烯在细菌和哺乳动物细胞中都没有内在的抗菌、抑菌和细胞毒性特性。此外，氧化石墨烯通过增加细胞附着和增殖来充当细胞生长的通用增强剂。
