Negative thermal expansion of water in hydrophobic nanospaces.

The density and intermolecular structure of water in carbon micropores (w = 1.36 nm) are investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements between 20 K and 298 K. The SAXS results suggest that the density of the water in the micropores increased with increasing temperature over a wide temperature range (20-277 K). The density changed by 10%, which is comparable to the density change of 7% between bulk ice (I(c)) at 20 K and water at 277 K. The results of XRD at low temperatures (less than 200 K) show that the water forms the cubic ice (I(c)) structure, although its peak shape and radial distribution functions changed continuously to those of a liquid-like structure with increasing temperature. The SAXS and XRD results both showed that the water in the hydrophobic nanospaces had no phase transition point. The continuous structural change from ice I(c) to liquid with increasing temperature suggests that water shows negative thermal expansion over a wide temperature range in hydrophobic nanospaces. The combination of XRD and SAXS measurements makes it possible to describe confined systems in nanospaces with intermolecular structure and density of adsorbed molecular assemblies.