Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
Protist. 2012 Sep;163(5):701-19. doi: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.10.005. Epub 2011 Nov 30.
Toxic algae such as Alexandrium and Azadinium have an important ecological impact and have originated several times independently within the dinophytes. Their closest relatives, however, are mostly unknown at present. A new dinophyte species, Amphidoma languida sp. nov., was isolated from Bantry Bay (Ireland) during a period of elevated azaspiracid toxicity in mussels. The new species was described in detail, and its phylogenetic position was analysed, by using a combination of light and electron microscopy, chemical detection methods, and sequence comparison of concatenated ribosomal RNA sequence data. Morphological similarities, such as cingular and hypothecal plates, the number and arrangement of sulcal plates, and the characteristic apical pore complex with a small X-plate centrally invading the first apical plate, indicated a close relationship between Amphidoma and Azadinium. However, no known azaspiracid analogues were detected in A. languida by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass-spectrometry. In a molecular phylogeny, the Amphidomataceae including Amphidoma and Azadinium were an independent lineage among other monophyletic major groups of the dinophytes such as the Suessiales, Prorocentrales, Gonyaulacales, and Peridiniales. Thus, the taxonomic affiliation of Azadinium is clarified, and our data may prove helpful in the development of specific and reliable molecular detection methods of toxic Azadinium.
有毒藻类，如亚历山大藻和 Azadinium，对生态有重要影响，并且在甲藻中已经独立起源了多次。然而，它们最近的亲缘关系目前大多未知。在贻贝中亚氮藻类毒素水平升高期间，从班特里湾（爱尔兰）分离出一种新的甲藻物种，即 Amphidoma languida sp. nov.。该新物种通过结合使用光学和电子显微镜、化学检测方法以及串联核糖体 RNA 序列数据的序列比较进行了详细描述，并分析了其系统发育位置。形态相似性，如环带板和下壳板、沟纹板的数量和排列，以及特征性的顶端孔复合体，其中一个小 X 板中央侵入第一个顶端板，表明 Amphidoma 和 Azadinium 之间存在密切关系。然而，通过液相色谱-串联质谱法，在 A. languida 中未检测到已知的 Azaspiracid 类似物。在分子系统发育中，包括 Amphidoma 和 Azadinium 的 Amphidomataceae 是其他单系的甲藻主要类群（如 Suessiales、Prorocentrales、Gonyaulacales 和 Peridiniales）中的一个独立谱系。因此，澄清了 Azadinium 的分类归属，并且我们的数据可能有助于开发针对有毒 Azadinium 的特异性和可靠的分子检测方法。
