Gleason Frank H, Crawford John W, Neuhauser Sigrid, Henderson Linda E, Lilje Osu
School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
Soil Biol Biochem. 2012 Feb;45(2):79-88. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.10.011.
Zoosporic true fungi have frequently been identified in samples from soil and freshwater ecosystems using baiting and molecular techniques. In fact some species can be components of the dominant groups of microorganisms in particular soil habitats. Yet these microorganisms have not yet been directly observed growing in soil ecosystems. Significant physical characteristics and features of the three-dimensional structures of soils which impact microorganisms at the microscale level are discussed. A thorough knowledge of soil structures is important for studying the distribution of assemblages of these fungi and understanding their ecological roles along spatial and temporal gradients. A number of specific adaptations and resource seeking strategies possibly give these fungi advantages over other groups of microorganisms in soil ecosystems. These include chemotactic zoospores, mechanisms for adhesion to substrates, rhizoids which can penetrate substrates in small spaces, structures which are resistant to environmental extremes, rapid growth rates and simple nutritional requirements. These adaptations are discussed in the context of the characteristics of soils ecosystems. Recent advances in instrumentation have led to the development of new and more precise methods for studying microorganisms in three-dimensional space. New molecular techniques have made identification of microbes possible in environmental samples.
使用诱饵法和分子技术，人们经常在土壤和淡水生态系统的样本中鉴定出游动孢子真真菌。事实上，某些物种可能是特定土壤栖息地中微生物优势群体的组成部分。然而，尚未直接观察到这些微生物在土壤生态系统中的生长情况。本文讨论了土壤三维结构在微观层面影响微生物的重要物理特性和特征。深入了解土壤结构对于研究这些真菌群落的分布以及理解它们在空间和时间梯度上的生态作用至关重要。许多特定的适应性和资源寻找策略可能使这些真菌在土壤生态系统中比其他微生物群体更具优势。这些特性包括趋化性游动孢子、附着于基质的机制、能在狭小空间穿透基质的假根、耐受极端环境的结构、快速生长速率和简单的营养需求。本文结合土壤生态系统的特征对这些适应性进行了讨论。仪器设备的最新进展促使人们开发出更新、更精确的方法来研究三维空间中的微生物。新的分子技术使在环境样本中鉴定微生物成为可能。
