Performance based objective outcome measures and spinal manipulation.

This paper provides a general overview of performance based outcome measures used in an attempt to objectively measure the ramifications of spinal manipulation. While not a systematic or exhaustive review it serves to categorize, and provide insight into the background, successes and shortcomings of measurement techniques used. The outcome measures are drawn from the full spectrum of approaches to research and are broken down into the following sections: (1) biomechanically constrained motor performance measures, (2) neurologically constrained performance measures and (3) perceptual, perceptual motor, and complex task constrained performance measures. The paper concludes with some future research directions to enhance the understanding of the impact of spinal manipulation, and how to objectively measure its mechanical and physiological effects on the human system.