Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Cell Tissue Res. 2012 Jul;349(1):5-14. doi: 10.1007/s00441-012-1389-5. Epub 2012 Apr 4.
The ability of injured peripheral nerves to regenerate and reinnervate their original targets is a characteristic feature of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). On the other hand, neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), including retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, are incapable of spontaneous regeneration. In the adult PNS, axonal regeneration after injury depends on well-orchestrated cellular and molecular processes that comprise a highly reproducible series of degenerative reactions distal to the site of injury. During this fine-tuned process, named Wallerian degeneration, a remodeling of the distal nerve fragment prepares a permissive microenvironment that permits successful axonal regrowth originating from the proximal nerve fragment. Therefore, a multitude of adjusted intrinsic and extrinsic factors are important for surviving neurons, Schwann cells, macrophages and fibroblasts as well as endothelial cells in order to achieve successful regeneration. The aim of this review is to summarize relevant extrinsic cellular and molecular determinants of successful axonal regeneration in rodents that contribute to the regenerative microenvironment of the PNS.
受损外周神经能够再生并重新支配其原始靶组织，这是外周神经系统（PNS）的一个特征。另一方面，中枢神经系统（CNS）的神经元，包括视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）轴突，不能自发再生。在成年 PNS 中，损伤后的轴突再生取决于精心协调的细胞和分子过程，这些过程包括损伤部位远端高度可重复的一系列退行性反应。在这个精细调控的过程中，即 Wallerian 变性，远端神经段的重塑为来自近端神经段的成功轴突再生准备了一个允许的微环境。因此，为了实现成功的再生，许多调整后的内在和外在因素对于存活的神经元、许旺细胞、巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞以及内皮细胞都很重要。本文综述的目的是总结在啮齿动物中成功轴突再生的相关外在细胞和分子决定因素，这些因素有助于 PNS 的再生微环境。
