Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Jul;31(7):1501-10. doi: 10.1002/etc.1841. Epub 2012 May 9.
The annual cultivation pattern in the Uma-oya catchment in Sri Lanka is characterized by Yala and Maha rainfall periods and associated cropping. Two cultivation seasons were compared for pesticide residues: base flow, field drainage, and the runoff and supplementary sediment data for three sites in the catchment. Organophosphate and N-methyl carbamate pesticide analysis confirmed a higher concentration in the Yala season with low-flow conditions. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured by standard spectrometry in the brain, muscle, and eye tissues of three freshwater cyprinid fishes, Garra ceylonensis, Devario malabaricus, and Rasbora daniconius from three study sites during months overlapping two seasons in 2010 (December) and 2011 (July). Baseline AChE data were measured from fish samples from a forested reserve in the Knuckles. A 73% inhibition in muscle AChE activity in G. ceylonensis was associated with intense pesticide exposure months in the Yala season. The AChE inhibition more than 70% in G. ceylonensis eyes in both Yala (76%) and Maha (72.5%) seasons indicates particular sensitivity of eye tissue to inhibitors. The less dramatic AChE inhibition in the eye tissues in D. malabaricus and R. daniconius in both seasons indicates exemplary protective capacity of muscle AChE in fish. The highest inhibition of AChE (up to 60% in brain and up to 56% in muscle AChE activity in R. daniconius and up to 47.8% in brain and up to 64.6% in muscle AChE activity in D. malabaricus) occurred during the Yala season. Tissue AChE activity and physiological activity in fish were correlated. The results collectively indicate that AChE is a consistent biomarker for diffused contaminant exposure in agricultural catchments.
斯里兰卡乌玛亚流域的年度耕作模式以亚拉和马哈降雨期和相关作物种植为特征。对三个流域地点的基流、田间排水以及径流和补充泥沙数据进行了两次耕作季节的农药残留比较。有机磷和 N-甲基氨基甲酸酯农药分析证实，在亚拉季节低流量条件下，浓度更高。在 2010 年（12 月）和 2011 年（7 月）两个季节重叠的几个月中，在三个研究地点，通过标准光谱法测量了三种淡水鲤科鱼类（锡兰裸颊鲷、马哈拉贾氏囊腹鱼和达氏细鲫）的脑、肌肉和眼部组织中的乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性。从 Knuckles 森林保护区采集的鱼类样本中测量了基线 AChE 数据。在亚拉季节，鱼类肌肉 AChE 活性受到强烈农药暴露的影响，抑制率达到 73%。在亚拉（76%）和马哈（72.5%）两个季节，G. ceylonensis 眼部 AChE 抑制率超过 70%，表明眼部组织对抑制剂特别敏感。在两个季节中，D. malabaricus 和 R. daniconius 的眼部 AChE 抑制率不那么明显，表明鱼类肌肉 AChE 具有出色的保护能力。在 R. daniconius 中，AChE 抑制率最高（脑部高达 60%，肌肉 AChE 活性高达 56%），在 D. malabaricus 中，脑部高达 47.8%，肌肉 AChE 活性高达 64.6%，均出现在亚拉季节。鱼类组织 AChE 活性与生理活性相关。结果表明，AChE 是农业流域中扩散污染物暴露的一致生物标志物。
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