N-Acetyltransferase 2 and glutathione s-transferase M1 in colon and rectal cancer cases from an industrialized area.

Apart from genetics, nutrition, and environment, occupational factors also play an important role in colon and rectal cancer development. The aim of this study was to examine these cancer types in an area of former coal, iron, and steel industries, which was found to display an increased incidence of colon cancer mortality. N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) genotypes were investigated in 108 colon cancer cases, 80 rectum cancer cases, and 188 controls (suffering from nonmalignant diseases). Further, in a pilot study, 28 colorectal cancer patients were NAT2 phenotyped by the caffeine test. Possible occupational and nonoccupational risk factors were investigated by a personal interview. The frequency of rapid NAT2 genotype was 35% in colon cancer cases, 47% in rectal cancer cases, and 42% in controls (GSTM1 0/0 genotype: 53, 46, and 47%, respectively). In the 29 patients with cancer in the ascending colon, 10% were of the rapid NAT2 genotype. In the pilot study the frequency of the rapid NAT2 phenotype was 49%. The only major professional group with an elevated risk was painters (colon cancer OR 2.48, 95% CI 0.4-15.23; rectal cancer OR 5.65, 95% CI 1.06-30.21). In contrast to early studies, in the present study the slow NAT2 status is overrepresented. As colorectal cancer is associated with nutrition and physical activity, present findings may be due to excessive physical heavy work and the resulting nutrition in this area.