Intrinsik Environmental Sciences (US), New Gloucester, ME 04260, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2013 Jan;9(1):70-8. doi: 10.1002/ieam.1329. Epub 2012 Oct 17.
Salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest are being affected by a variety of environmental stressors including intense fishing pressure, parasites and disease, climatic variability and change, land development, hatchery production, hydropower operations, stormwater runoff, and exposure to toxic contaminants. In recent years, there has been much concern that mixtures of pesticides are causing toxic effects to Pacific salmon. In this study, we compared measured stream water concentrations from 2 monitoring studies conducted in the Pacific Northwest with concentration-response curves derived for inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for mixtures of organophosphate (OPs) and carbamate (CBs) pesticides. In the first monitoring study, samples were collected from 2003 to 2007 in salmonid-bearing waters of 5 urban or agricultural watersheds in Washington State. This study was targeted to areas of high pesticide use and generally involved weekly sampling during the pesticide use season. The second monitoring study was the United States Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment that included samples taken from 2003 to 2010 in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. OPs and CBs were frequently detected in both studies. The available monitoring data collected since 2003, however, demonstrates that mixtures of OPs and CBs in surface waters rarely occur at levels capable of producing significant physiological and behavioral effects in Pacific salmon. The observed mixtures never reached concentrations capable of causing mortality. We conclude that mixtures of organophosphates and carbamates do not pose a significant direct risk to Pacific salmon.
太平洋西北地区的鲑鱼种群受到多种环境胁迫因素的影响，包括强烈的捕捞压力、寄生虫和疾病、气候变异性和变化、土地开发、孵化场生产、水电运行、雨水径流以及暴露于有毒污染物中。近年来，人们越来越担心混合农药会对太平洋鲑鱼造成毒性影响。在这项研究中，我们将在太平洋西北地区进行的 2 项监测研究中测量的溪流水中的浓度与从幼鲑（Oncorhynchus kisutch）脑中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制的浓度 - 反应曲线进行了比较，这些研究是针对有机磷（OPs）和氨基甲酸酯（CBs）农药混合物进行的。在第一项监测研究中，2003 年至 2007 年在华盛顿州 5 个鲑鱼栖息地的城市或农业流域采集了样本。该研究针对农药使用量大的地区，通常在农药使用季节每周进行一次采样。第二项监测研究是美国地质调查局国家水质评估，其中包括 2003 年至 2010 年在加利福尼亚州、爱达荷州、俄勒冈州和华盛顿州采集的样本。在这两项研究中都经常检测到 OPs 和 CBs。然而，自 2003 年以来收集的可用监测数据表明，地表水中 OPs 和 CBs 的混合物很少出现在能够对太平洋鲑鱼产生重大生理和行为影响的水平。观察到的混合物从未达到能够导致死亡的浓度。我们得出结论，有机磷和氨基甲酸酯的混合物不会对太平洋鲑鱼构成重大直接风险。
