School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
Vet Microbiol. 2012 Dec 28;161(1-2):77-87. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.030. Epub 2012 Jul 27.
Sunshine virus is a recently discovered novel paramyxovirus that is associated with illness in snakes. It does not phylogenetically cluster within either of the two currently accepted paramyxoviral subfamilies. It is therefore only distantly related to the only other known genus of reptilian paramyxoviruses, Ferlavirus, which clusters within the Paramyxovirinae subfamily. Clinical and diagnostic aspects associated with Sunshine virus are as yet undescribed. The objective of this paper was to report the clinical presentation, virus isolation, PCR testing and pathology associated with Sunshine virus infection. Clinical records and samples from naturally occurring cases were obtained from two captive snake collections and the archives of a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. The clinical signs that are associated with Sunshine virus infection are localised to the neurorespiratory systems or are non-specific (e.g. lethargy, inappetence). Out of 15 snakes that were infected with Sunshine virus (detected in any organ by either virus isolation or PCR), the virus was isolated from four out of ten (4/10) sampled brains, 3/10 sampled lungs and 2/7 pooled samples of kidney and liver. In these same 15 snakes, PCR was able to successfully detect Sunshine virus in fresh-frozen brain (11/11), kidney (7/8), lung (8/11) and liver (5/8); and various formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (7/8). During a natural outbreak of Sunshine virus in a collection of 32 snakes, the virus could be detected in five out of 39 combined oral-cloacal swabs that were collected from 23 of these snakes over a 105 day period. All snakes that were infected with Sunshine virus were negative for reovirus and ferlavirus by PCR. Snakes infected with Sunshine virus reliably exhibited hindbrain white matter spongiosis and gliosis with extension to the surrounding grey matter and neuronal necrosis evident in severe cases. Five out of eight infected snakes also exhibited mild bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Infection with Sunshine virus should be considered by veterinarians investigating disease outbreaks in snakes, particularly those that are associated with neurorespiratory disease.
阳光病毒是一种最近发现的新型副黏病毒，与蛇的疾病有关。它在目前接受的两种副黏病毒亚科中都没有系统发育聚类。因此，它与唯一已知的爬行动物副黏病毒属 Ferlavirus 只有远亲关系，后者聚类在副黏病毒亚科内。与阳光病毒相关的临床和诊断方面尚未描述。本文的目的是报告与阳光病毒感染相关的临床表现、病毒分离、PCR 检测和病理学。从两个圈养蛇类收集和兽医诊断实验室的档案中获得了自然发生病例的临床记录和样本。与阳光病毒感染相关的临床症状局限于神经呼吸系统或是非特异性的（例如，嗜睡、食欲不振）。在 15 条感染阳光病毒的蛇中（通过病毒分离或 PCR 在任何器官中检测到），病毒从 10 个采样脑中有 4 个（4/10）、10 个采样肺中有 3 个（3/10）和 7 个/8 个合并的肾脏和肝脏样本中分离出来。在这 15 条蛇中，PCR 能够成功地从新鲜冷冻的脑（11/11）、肾脏（7/8）、肺（8/11）和肝脏（5/8）以及各种福尔马林固定石蜡包埋组织（7/8）中检测到阳光病毒。在 32 条蛇的一个收集群中发生的阳光病毒自然暴发期间，在 23 条蛇中的 39 个组合口腔直肠拭子中，在 105 天的时间内从 5 个拭子中检测到了病毒。通过 PCR，所有感染阳光病毒的蛇均为阴性，无呼肠孤病毒和 Ferlavirus。感染阳光病毒的蛇可靠地表现出后脑白质海绵状变性和神经胶质增生，并在严重病例中延伸到周围灰质和神经元坏死。8 条感染蛇中有 5 条还表现出轻度支气管间质性肺炎。在调查蛇类疾病暴发时，兽医应考虑感染阳光病毒，特别是与神经呼吸疾病相关的疾病。
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